The campaign, which experts believe is being carried out mainly by Israel, apparently claimed its latest victim on Wednesday when a bomb killed a 32-year-old nuclear scientist in Tehran’s morning rush hour.

The scientist, Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan, was a department supervisor at the Natanz uranium enrichment plant, a participant in what Western leaders believe is Iran’s halting but determined progress toward a nuclear weapon. He was at least the fifth scientist with nuclear connections to be killed since 2007; a sixth scientist, Fereydoon Abbasi, survived a 2010 attack and was put in charge of Iran’s Atomic Energy Organization.

Iranian officials immediately blamed both Israel and the United States for the latest death, which came less than two months after a suspicious explosion at an Iranian missile base that killed a top general and 16 other people. While American officials deny a role in lethal activities, the United States is believed to engage in other covert efforts against the Iranian nuclear program.

The assassination drew an unusually strong condemnation from the White House and the State Department, which disavowed any American complicity. The statements by the United States appeared to reflect serious concern about the growing number of lethal attacks, which some experts believe could backfire by undercutting future negotiations and prompting Iran to redouble what the West suspects is a quest for a nuclear capacity.

“The United States had absolutely nothing to do with this,” said Tommy Vietor, a spokesman for the National Security Council. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton appeared to expand the denial beyond Wednesday’s killing, “categorically” denying “any United States involvement in any kind of act of violence inside Iran.”

“We believe that there has to be an understanding between Iran, its neighbors and the international community that finds a way forward for it to end its provocative behavior, end its search for nuclear weapons and rejoin the international community,” Mrs. Clinton said.

The Israeli military spokesman, Brig. Gen. Yoav Mordechai, writing on Facebook about the attack, said, “I don’t know who took revenge on the Iranian scientist, but I am definitely not shedding a tear,” Israeli news media reported.

Like the drone strikes that the Obama administration has embraced as a core tactic against Al Qaeda, the multifaceted covert campaign against Iran has appeared to offer an alternative to war. But at most it has slowed, not halted, Iran’s enrichment of uranium, a potential fuel for a nuclear weapon. And some skeptics believe that it may harden Iran’s resolve or set a dangerous precedent for a strategy that could be used against the United States and its allies.

Neither Israeli nor American officials will discuss the covert campaign in any detail, leaving some uncertainty about the perpetrators and their purpose. For instance, Karim Sadjadpour, an Iran expert at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, said he believed that at least some of the murdered scientists might have been killed by the Iranian government. Some of them had shown sympathy for the Iranian opposition, he said, and not all appeared to have been high-ranking experts.

“I think there is reason to doubt the idea that all the hits have been carried out by Israel,” Mr. Sadjadpour said. “It’s very puzzling that Iranian nuclear scientists, whose movements are likely carefully monitored by the state, can be executed in broad daylight, sometimes in rush-hour traffic, and their culprits never found.”

A more common view, however, is expressed by Patrick Clawson, director of the Iran Security Initiative at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy. “I often get asked when Israel might attack Iran,” Mr. Clawson said. “I say, ‘Two years ago.’ ”

Mr. Clawson said the covert campaign was far preferable to overt airstrikes by Israel or the United States on suspected Iranian nuclear sites. “Sabotage and assassination is the way to go, if you can do it,” he said. “It doesn’t provoke a nationalist reaction in Iran, which could strengthen the regime. And it allows Iran to climb down if it decides the cost of pursuing a nuclear weapon is too high.”

A former senior Israeli security official, who would speak of the covert campaign only in general terms and on the condition of anonymity, said the uncertainty about who was responsible was useful. “It’s not enough to guess,” he said. “You can’t prove it, so you can’t retaliate. When it’s very, very clear who’s behind an attack, the world behaves differently.”

The former Israeli official noted that Iran carried out many assassinations of enemies, mostly Iranian opposition figures, during the 1980s and 1990s, and had been recently accused of plotting to kill the Saudi ambassador to the United States in Washington.

“In Arabic, there’s a proverb: If you are shooting, don’t complain about being shot,” he said. But he portrayed the killings and bombings as part of a larger Israeli strategy to prevent all-out war.

“I think the cocktail of diplomacy, of sanctions, of covert activity might bring us something,” the former official said. “I think it’s the right policy while we still have time.”

Israel has used assassination as a tool of statecraft since its creation in 1948, historians say, killing dozens of Palestinian and other militants and a small number of foreign scientists, military officials or people accused of being Holocaust collaborators.

But there is no exact precedent for what appears to be the current campaign against Iran, involving Israel and the United States and a broad array of methods.

The assassinations have been carried out primarily by motorcyclists who attach magnetic bombs to the victim’s car, often in heavy traffic, before speeding away.

Iran’s Mehr news agency said Wednesday’s explosion took place on Gol Nabi Street, on Mr. Roshan’s route to work, at 8:20 a.m. The news agency said the scientist, who also taught at a technical university, was deputy director of commercial affairs at the Natanz site, evidently in charge of buying equipment and materials. Two other people were wounded, and one later died in a hospital, Iranian officials said.

Iran’s ambassador to the United Nations, Mohammad Khazaee, sent a letter of protest to Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, blaming “certain foreign quarters” for what he called “terrorist acts” aimed at disrupting Iran’s “peaceful nuclear program, under the false assumption that diplomacy alone would not be enough for that purpose.”

The ambassador’s letter complained of sabotage, a possible reference to the Stuxnet computer worm, believed to be a joint American-Israeli project, that reportedly led to the destruction in 2010 of about a fifth of the centrifuges Iran uses to enrich uranium. It also said the covert campaign included “a military strike on Iran,” evidently a reference to a mysterious explosion that destroyed much of an Iranian missile base on Nov. 12.

That explosion, which Iran experts say they believe was probably an Israeli effort, killed Gen. Hassan Tehrani Moghaddam, who was in charge of Iran’s missile program. Satellite photographs show multiple buildings at the site leveled or heavily damaged.

The C.I.A., according to current and former officials, has repeatedly tried to derail Iran’s uranium enrichment program by covert means, including introducing sabotaged parts into Iran’s supply chain.

In addition, the agency is believed to have encouraged some Iranian nuclear scientists to defect, an effort that came to light in 2010 when a scientist, Shahram Amiri, who had come to the United States, claimed to have been kidnapped by the C.I.A. and returned to Iran. (Press reports say he has since been arrested and tried for treason.) A former deputy defense minister, Ali-Reza Asgari, disappeared while visiting Turkey in 2006 and is widely believed to have defected, possibly to the United States.

William C. Banks, an expert on national security law at Syracuse University, said he believed that for the United States even to provide specific intelligence to Israel to help kill an Iranian scientist would violate a longstanding executive order banning assassinations. The legal rationale for drone strikes against terrorist suspects — that the United States is at war with Al Qaeda and its allies — would not apply, he said.

“Under international law, aiding and abetting would be the same as pulling the trigger,” Mr. Banks said. He added, “We would be in a precarious position morally, and the entire world is watching, especially China and Russia.”

Gary Sick, a specialist on Iran at Columbia, said he believed that the covert campaign, combined with sanctions, would not persuade Iran to abandon its nuclear work.

“It’s important to turn around and ask how the U.S. would feel if our revenue was being cut off, our scientists were being killed and we were under cyberattack,” Mr. Sick said. “Would we give in, or would we double down? I think we’d fight back, and Iran will, too.”

Reporting was contributed by Steven Lee Myers from Washington, David E. Sanger from Cairo, Alan Cowell from London and Rick Gladstone from New York.

This article has been revised to reflect the following correction:

Correction: January 13, 2012

An article on Thursday about covert actions to set back Iran’s nuclear program misstated, in some editions, the title of an Iranian nuclear scientist who was killed in a car bombing on Wednesday in Tehran. The scientist, Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan, was deputy director — not director — of commercial affairs at the Natanz uranium enrichment site.

The group, based at the government-financed Riken Brain Science Institute in Wako, Japan, has created an inexpensive chemical cocktail that transforms dead biological tissue from a colored mass into what looks like translucent jelly. Soaking brain tissue in the solution makes it easier for neuroscientists to see what’s inside, a step they hope will uncover the physical basis of personality traits, memories and even consciousness.

“I’m very excited about the potential,” said Dr. Atsushi Miyawaki, a researcher on the team, which published its discovery in the journal Nature Neuroscience.

The chemical solution — patented under the name Scale, a phonetic approximation of the Japanese word for “transparent” — could help neuroscientists map the brain’s underlying architecture, though that goal is still a distant one. At the moment, researchers are working to build such a map, called a “connectome,” of mouse brains, which are far less complex than human ones.

Ultimately, this mapping could be conducted on brains of different ages, Dr. Miyawaki said, providing a glimpse into how the organ develops and even how genetic differences might affect that development.

Dr. Miyawaki and his team have yet to try Scale on a human brain — their lab works with mice — but they plan to as soon as the gated process of obtaining a specimen is completed. He expects that the transparency solution will work just as well as it does on mouse brains.

Dr. Jeff Lichtman, a neuroscientist at Harvard University who is involved with the Human Connectome Project — a multi-institution effort to map a mouse brain, and then a human one — thinks that Scale shows promise and plans to use it in his lab. It looks like a good method for “clearing the brain,” he said in a telephone interview. “Clear brains,” he said. “That’s the big thing.”

The neurons of the brain are “interconnected in a vast and deeply mysterious network of wires, so there’s a wiring diagram,” Dr. Lichtman said. Scientists have to figure that diagram out before they can understand how information flows through it, he continued. If the brain were clarified using a solution like Scale, researchers could trace big sections of the diagram “all in one sitting,” he said, “and that would be terrific.”

Currently, to see brain tissue under a microscope, neuroscientists have to slice it into slivers about the thickness of a human hair, so that light can pass through. To analyze an entire mouse brain this way — a process that Dr. Lichtman’s lab is attempting, but that is nowhere near finished — the organ needs to be divided into roughly a hundred slices, each of which must be passed under a microscope for a snapshot of its cells.

Not only is the process labor-intensive, but the slices of brain can get distorted, and small bits of tissue can get lost. These hard-to-avoid errors can turn the snapshots into deformed puzzle pieces that can’t easily be fitted together into a wiring diagram.

A mouse brain that has been clarified with Scale, on the other hand, is clear enough without thin-slicing, and could be imaged in three big chunks, avoiding these problems, according to Dr. Miyawaki. Because it clarifies tissue without removing water, the solution sustains genetically introduced cell labels — used to differentiate one neuron from the next — in a wet environment like the one in which they originally evolved. The labels are made of proteins that come from jellyfish and corals.

According to Dr. Miyawaki, Scale works much better on young brains than on older ones, which are filled with more hard connective tissue that doesn’t absorb the solution as readily.

So far, Dr. Miyawaki and his team have used the solution only on dead tissue. The next step, he said, is to come up with a formulation that works on living tissue, though for now that is a distant goal.

Scale is not difficult to make: It is a cheap mixture of urea (found in urine and fertilizer), glycerol and detergent. While he and a colleague hold the patent on it, Dr. Miyawaki included the complete recipe in his recently published article and hopes that labs around the world will start using it for brain mapping.

Neuroscientists can’t answer important questions about the brain until they have a map of the neuronal circuit, Dr. Miyawaki said, adding, “and there are many, many important questions.”

http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/11/health/11brain.html?sq=New%20Way%20to%20Gain%20a%20Clear%20View%20of%20the%20Brain&st=cse&scp=1&pagewanted=print

Now social scientists are trying to mine the vast resources of the Internet — Web searches and Twitter messages, Facebook and blog posts, the digital location trails generated by billions of cellphones — to do the same thing.

The most optimistic researchers believe that these storehouses of “big data” will for the first time reveal sociological laws of human behavior — enabling them to predict political crises, revolutions and other forms of social and economic instability, just as physicists and chemists can predict natural phenomena.

“This is a significant step forward,” said Thomas Malone, the director of the Center for Collective Intelligence at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. “We have vastly more detailed and richer kinds of data available as well as predictive algorithms to use, and that makes possible a kind of prediction that would have never been possible before.”

The government is showing interest in the idea. This summer a little-known intelligence agency began seeking ideas from academic social scientists and corporations for ways to automatically scan the Internet in 21 Latin American countries for “big data,” according to a research proposal being circulated by the agency. The three-year experiment, to begin in April, is being financed by the Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity, or Iarpa (pronounced eye-AR-puh), part of the office of the director of national intelligence.

The automated data collection system is to focus on patterns of communication, consumption and movement of populations. It will use publicly accessible data, including Web search queries, blog entries, Internet traffic flow, financial market indicators, traffic webcams and changes in Wikipedia entries.

It is intended to be an entirely automated system, a “data eye in the sky” without human intervention, according to the program proposal. The research would not be limited to political and economic events, but would also explore the ability to predict pandemics and other types of widespread contagion, something that has been pursued independently by civilian researchers and by companies like Google.

Some social scientists and advocates of privacy rights are deeply skeptical of the project, saying it evokes queasy memories of Total Information Awareness, a post-9/11 Pentagon program that proposed hunting for potential attackers by identifying patterns in vast collections of public and private data: telephone calling records, e-mail, travel data, visa and passport information, and credit card transactions.

“I have Total Information Awareness flashbacks when things like this happen,” said David Price, an anthropologist at St. Martin’s University in Lacey, Wash., who has written about cooperation between social scientists and intelligence agencies. “On the one hand it’s understandable for a nation-state to want to track things like the outbreak of a pandemic, but I have to wonder about the total automation of this and what productive will come of it.”

Iarpa officials declined to discuss the research program, saying they are prohibited from giving interviews until contract awards are made later this year.

A similar project by their military sister organization, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, or Darpa, aims to automatically identify insurgent social networks in Afghanistan.

In its most recent budget proposal, the defense agency argues that its analysis can expose terrorist cells and other stateless groups by tracking their meetings, rehearsals and sharing of material and money transfers.

So far there have been only scattered examples of the potential of mining social media. Last year HP Labs researchers used Twitter data to accurately predict box office revenues of Hollywood movies. In August, the National Science Foundation approved funds for research in using social media like Twitter and Facebook to assess earthquake damage in real time.

The accessibility and computerization of huge databases has already begun to spur the development of new statistical techniques and new software to manage data sets with trillions of entries or more.

“Big data allows one to move beyond inference and statistical significance and move toward meaningful and accurate analyses,” said Norman Nie, a political scientist who was a pioneering developer of statistical tools for social scientists and who recently formed a new company, Revolution Analytics, to develop software for the analysis of immense data sets.

Some scientists are skeptical. They cite the Pentagon’s ill-fated Project Camelot in the 1960s, which also explored the possibility that social science could predict political and economic events, but was canceled in the face of widespread criticism by scholars.

The project focused on Chile, with the goal of developing methods for anticipating “violent changes” and offering ways of averting possible rebellions. It led to an uproar among social scientists, who argued that the study would compromise their professional ethics.

In recent years, however, academic opposition to military financing of research has faded. Since 2008, a Pentagon project called the Minerva Initiative has paid for an array of studies, including research at Arizona State University into political opponents of radical Muslims and a University of Texas study on the effects of climate change on African political stability.

Social scientists who cooperate with the research agencies contend that, on balance, the new technologies will have a positive effect.

“The result will be much better understanding of what is going on in the world, and how well local governments are handling the situation,” said Sandy Pentland, a computer scientist at the M.I.T. Media Laboratory. “I find this all very hopeful rather than scary, because this is perhaps the first real opportunity for all of humanity to have transparency in government.”

But advocates of privacy rights worry that public data and the related techniques developed in the new Iarpa project will be adapted for clandestine “total information” operations.

“These techniques are double-edged,” said Marc Rotenberg, president of the Electronic Privacy Information Center, a privacy rights group based in Washington. “They can be used as easily against political opponents in the United States as they can against threats from foreign countries.”

And some computer scientists expressed skepticism about efforts to predict political instability with indicators like Web searches.

“I’m hard pressed to say that we are witnessing a revolution,” said Prabhakar Raghavan, the director of Yahoo Labs, who is an information retrieval specialist. He noted that much had been written about predicting flu epidemics by looking at Web searches for “flu,” but noted that the predictions did not improve significantly on what could already be found in data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

“You can look at search queries and divine that flu is about to break out,” he said, “but what our research has highlighted is that many of these new methods don’t add a huge lift.”

Other researchers are far more optimistic. “There is a huge amount of predictive power in this data,” said Albert-Laszlo Barabasi, a physicist at Northeastern University who specializes in network science. “If I have hourly information about your location, with about 93 percent accuracy I can predict where you are going to be an hour or a day later.”

Still, the ease of acquiring and manipulating huge data sets charting Internet behavior causes many researchers to warn that the data mining technologies may be quickly outrunning the ability of scientists to think through questions of privacy and ethics.

There is also the deeper question of whether it will be possible to discern behavioral laws that match the laws of physical sciences. For Isaac Asimov, the predictive powers of psychohistory worked only when it was possible to measure the human population of an entire galaxy.

This article has been revised to reflect the following correction:

Correction: October 12, 2011

An earlier version of this article misstated the academic affiliation of Albert-Laszlo Barabasi. He is with Northeastern University, not Notre Dame.

http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/11/science/11predict.html?_r=1&sq=Government%20Aims%20to%20Build%20A%20Data%20Eye%20in%20the%20Sky&st=cse&scp=1&pagewanted=print

Ultrahigh-Frequency Electromagnetic Energy

Abstract. A psychophysical study of the perception of “sound” induced by illumination with pulse-modulated, ultrahigh-frequency electromagnetic energy indicated that perception was primary dependent upon peak power and secondarily dependent upon pulse width. The average power did not significantly affect perception. Perceived characteristics of pitch and timbre appeared to be functions of modulation.

Field tests with radar indicate that humans and cats perceive low-power pulse-modulated, radio-frequency (rf) energy (1-3). Human subjects reported they perceived “sounds” that were in the nature of buzzes and hisses. The energy perceived was not acoustic energy; rather, it was electromagnetic (EM) energy in the ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) band of the spectrum. These findings can be related to other reports of sensory and behavioral phenomena associated with low-power rf energy. Analytical reviews of these and other reports and implications of the reviewed reports that bear on our understanding of information transfer and storage in living organisms can be found in the literature (3-5)

In the field tests with radar, A.H.F> determined the portion of the EM spectrum that was effective in inducing the “sounds” and the approximate thresholds. Perception occurred when the subject was illuminated with energy from approximately that portion of the EM spectrum defined as the UHF band, that is from 0.3 to 3 GHz (6) This is the portion of the spectrum at which EM energy passes into and through the head. At higher frequencies the energy is largely absorbed by the skin, and at lower frequencies it tends to be reflected by the body (2). An approximate threshold for perception, when the subject was in a noisy environment, occurred at a peak power density of 267 mw/cm² and an average power density of 0.4 mw/cm² . The data suggested that the average power was not an important variable, but no definitive statement about its role in perception could be made. The perception had the following characteristics, (.i) it did not involve an energy transduction of EM to acoustic energy, for example, by fillings in the teeth; (ii) it differed from the electrophonic effect; and (iii) it could not be accounted for by an explanation involving radiation pressure against the skin (3, 4).

The field studies raised questions that could not be answered at that time because of lack of suitable laboratory sources of rf energy. Suitable rf energy sources are now available. Thus, we address ourselves to the following questions.

Is perceived loudness a function of peak power, average power, or both ?

What is the required energy density for perceptual threshold ?

Is there a minimal or optimal pulse width ?

Are there modulation characteristics that yield the perception of pitch ?

We performed a series of psychophysical experiments with humans placed in an rf anechoic chamber. The rf anechoic chamber constructed of rf energy absorber (Eccosorb FR 340) minimised rf energy reflections. The EM energy source was a pulse signal source (Applied Microwave Laboratory) emitting energy at a carrier frequency of 1.245 GHz. The energy was conveyed by air line (General Radio model 874) and RG-8 coaxial cable to a coax-to waveguide adaptor (Scientific Atlanta model 11-1.1) and standard-gain horn antenna (7).

The horn antenna emitted the energy within the rf anechoic chamber. The antenna was orientated such that the energy was vertically polarised, although pilot experiments indicated that horizontally polarised energy yielded similar data. The rf parameters used are shown in table 1. The pulse repetition rate was selected so that it produced a buzzing “sound”
.

Table 1 Radio frequency parameters used at each test condition. A pulse rate of 50 pulses per second was used in each case. The constant values shown were rounded for clarity.

Test                 Peak                 Average          Pulse
condition            power                power            width
number              (mw/cm2)              (mw/cm2)         (usec)

Peak  power  varied

1 90 0.32 70 2 105 0.32 60 3 125 0.32 50 4 210 0.32 30 5 315 0.32 20 6 630 0.32 10 6a 630 1.26 40

Average power varied

1 370 0.19 10 2 370 0.37 20 3 370 0.55 30 4 370 0.93 50 5 370 1.11 60 6 370 1.29 70

All rf energy measurements reported here were taken with a half-wave dipole antenna located where the centre of the subjects head was placed during data collection. The dipole antenna was supported by a wooden pole in order to minimise field disturbance during measurement. The dipole was connected by an RG-58 coaxial cable to an attenuator (Microlab model AF 20) outside the chamber. The attenuator was connected to a thirmistor mount (Hewlett-Packard model 430C) The cable within the chamber was oriented for minimum field disturbance. This measurement equipment yields an average power measurement from which the peak power is derived by the standard duty cycle formula (8) The signal attenuation due to the cable and to the attenuator is accounted for in the reported measurements. There is an inherent and unspecifiable error in the EM field-distorting effect of the measuring instrument and the biological object.

The psychophysical technique of magnitude estimation was used in these experiments. Four trained subjects with clinically normal hearing were tested individually within the rf anschoic chamber. The subject sat on a wooden stool with his back to the horn antenna. We fixed his head in space by having him place his chin on an acrylic rest mounted on a vertical wooden pole. He used a multikey hand switch to signal a number as a report of the loudness he perceived. The subject was told that the first rf sound he would hear in each trial would be a reference sound that was assigned the number 100 and that the second sound he heard would differ in loudness from trial to trial. It was the subject’s task to assign a number to the loudness of the second rf sound with reference to the first rf sound. The reference fr sound was selected as being approximately in the middle loudness range. A brief dim light signaled the subject that a trial would begin. After a variable period of up to 5 seconds, the reference rf sound was presented for 2 seconds. A silent period of approximately 5 seconds followed, and then the rf sound of variable loudness was presented for 2 seconds. The subject would then indicate with the hand switch the number he assigned to the loudness. On some occasions, in order to account for the possibility of false positives, no rf sound was presented at the time that the variable rf sound should have been presented. Before starting a session, the subject was given two warm up trials. Each test condition (Table 1) is defined by a specific peak power, average power, pulse width, and pulse repetition rate. We randomised the order of presentation of these sets of rf parameter by using a table of random numbers. There were three randomised repetitions of the series.

The results are presented in Fig 1.

Fig 1 (A) Perceived loudness plotted as a function of peak power. The data from each subject consisted of three repetitions of each set of rf parameters shown under each test condition in Table 1. The average power was held constant by decreasing the pulse width while raising the peak power. (B) Perceived loudness plotted as a function of average power for the same subjects as in (A). The average power was increased by increasing the pulse width while holding peak constant.

The point plotted for each test condition number represents the median of all subjects and all repetitions. The graph shown in Fig 1A was derived from the results of a test series in which we studied the effect of varying the peak power while holding the average power constant, as specified in Table 1. The average power as held constant by varying the pulse width. The graph shown in Fig 1B was derived from the results obtained in a series of tests in which the average power was allowed to vary while the peak power was held constant, as specified in Table 1. The data obtained were reliable, as is typical from trained subjects in psychophysical experiments. The curves fitted to the data are estimations and are intended only as a guide for the reader’s eye. The precise shape or slope of the curves will require many more studies for definition because of the sensitivity of judgements of sensory magnitude to details of experimental procedure (9).

Once a minimum pulse width is used, perceived loudness is a function of peak power (Fig 1, A and B). The location of the point for test condition 6 is in consistent with what would be expected. The data represented by this point were obtained when a 10-µsec pulse width was used. Since a consideration of all data shown in Fig 1 indicates that this pulse width is outside the optimal band for loudness, we tested the possibility that the apparent inconsistency was due to the use of a nonoptimal pulse width. We therefore presented to the subjects the same peak power, but with a pulse width within the optimal band, that is, 40µsec. The average of the data so obtained is represented by the square labelled a in Fig 1A. Its location indicates that the apparent decrease in perceived loudness at test condition 6 is due more to the pulse width being less than optimal than to an actual decrease in perceived loudness at the high peak power level. The data plotted in Fig 1B indicate that, in addition to an apparent minimum pulse width, there may be a maximum pulse width defining an optimal band of pulse widths for perceived loudness. It appears that average power does not determine loudness except when it is incidentally involved in producing a minimum pulse width for optimal effect.

In one test series, we varied the average power by changing the pulse repetition rate while holding the pulse width constant. We found that the quality of the sound is in part determined by the repetition rate. The subjects reported sounds that had pitch as well as timbre characteristics. This confused subjects who were instructed to judge loudness. The data do not support the hypothesis of radiation pressure against the skin conveyed by bone conduction to the ear; the energy available is far below the threshold for bone conduction. Nor do the data support a mechanism involving radiation pressure against the tympanic membrane, external auditory meatus, or round window. For example, there are no significant effects of changing head orientation as would be expected if radiation pressure was an important factor. Moreover, a series in which the Gelle test (10) was used with plastic air tubes yielded negative results for rf sound and positive results for acoustic sound.

In summary, the perceived loudness of the rf sound as judged by the magnitude estimation technique, and within the limitation of the rf parameters investigated here, is a function of peak power rather than average power. Calculations from the data presented indicate that in this particular experiment, the peak power required for perception is somewhat less than 80 mw/cm². A band of optimal pulse widths seems to exist for the effect. There are also rf modulation parameters that cause subjects hearing “sounds” with definite pitch and timbre characteristics

Allan H Frey

Rodman Messenger, Jr.

References and Notes.

# . A. H. Frey, Aerosp. Med. 32, 1140 (1961)
# . ——-, J. Appl. Physiol. 17,689 (1962)
# . ——–,Psychol, Bull. 63, 322 (1965)
# . ———,Inst, Elec. Electron. Eng. Eng. Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. MTT-19, 153 (1971)
# . A. Pressman, Electromagnetic Fields and Life ,(Plenum, New York, 1970); K. Marha, J. Musil, H. Tuha, Electronic Fields and the Life Environment (San Francisco Press, San Francisco, 1971)
# . R. Graf, Modern Dictionary of Electronics (Sams, Indianapolis, ed. 2, 1963)
# . W. Slayton, Electronics (July 1955), p. 150.
# . Peak power is equal to the average power divided by the duty cycle.
# . R. M. Warren, J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 48, 1397 (1970)
# . The Gelle test procedure is dependent on the fact that any force exerting sudden inward pressure on the stapes pushes the ossicles further into the oval window. This increases intralabyrinthine pressure and reduces sound perception, irrespective of whether the sound wave has reached the tympanum by air conduction or by bone conduction.
# . This work was supported by the US Office of Naval Research and the US Army.

7 February 1972: revised 5 April 1973.

http://web.archive.org/web/20080820082523/http://www.angelfire.com/or/mctrl/frey2.htm

In a recent editorial (August, 1959), Hugo Gernsback called for a serious reappraisal of the effects of radio waves on human and animal physiology. In view of the almost casual use of high-power radar and industrial RF (radio frequency) heating equipment, this is certainly a timely word of warning.

It is not surprising then that the Air Force is already keenly aware of these problems, and has a number of projects under way to discover the exact effects of high-intensity radar pulses and microwaves on human and animal tissue. These projects are being carried out at our major universities, each specializing in one particular frequency. For example, the project at the University of California, under the direction of Prof. Charles Susskind, is primarily investigating the effects of 3-CM radar energy. Test subjects are mice, ants, and yeast cells.

Thermal Effects

Of great importance, and therefore under intensive investigation, are the thermal effects of such waves, and these have been measured rather precisely under a variety of conditions.

Using mice as subjects, it was found that near-lethal doses of radiation do not seem to cause any pathological changes in them, and that the lethal effect is primarily an overtaxing of the mice’s temperature-balancing system. It was found that the major heating effect took place immediately under the skin, but of course heat generated there is rapidly distributed through the body. The temperature of the mice was monitored continuously.

The photograph shows zoologist Susan Prausnitz monitoring the temperature of a mouse suspended in the wire cage right in front of the waveguide just visible on the left. The mouse is slowly rotated to insure even radiation over the entire body. Death occurred in 50% of the mice when a critical temperature of 44.1 Centrigrade was reached.

Other interesting findings include the fact that radar waves appear to have no significant effect on the fertility of the male mice. The effects of radar waves on the longevity of the mice are currently being investigated.

An intensive series of experiments was carried out on cellular organisms, such as yeast cells, but, other than showing thermal effects, the experiments with insects such as ants delivered relatively minor data.

But one interesting item which emerged was that the ants, normally moving every which way, in a Petri dish, will all line up in a 3-CM field, aligning their antennas parallel to the field, apparently to minimize the effects.

The project is continuing, and more research on mice, ants and other animals is contemplated. Psychological effects will be looked into. One promising item in the ant experiments was that the ants which were exposed to 3-CM waves apparently lost the ability, at least temporarily, to communicate the source of food to their fellows, as ants usually do.

It may be significant that the large ants used have antennas which measure very nearly one-fourth the wavelength of the 3-CM radiation.

Incidentally, mice are so frequently used for this kind of experiment because they are easily handled, easily obtained and relatively inexpensive, while their physiology and metabolism bear a useful resemblance to human counterparts in some ways. The life span of a mouse is limited, permitting experimenters to evaluate genetic effects over several generations.

Meanwhile other service branches are carrying out research programs concerned with the effects of radio waves on animal life, not necessarily limited to radar frequencies.

A public announcement by scientists at the National Institute for Neurological Diseases concerning the LETHAL EFFECTS of 388-MC radio waves on monkeys also shows there is great interest in other frequencies and effects BESIDES THERMAL.

Some Early Reports

As long ago as 1930, Nrunori claims to have seen evidence that the human organism “radiates” and “reacts to” radio waves of 2.33 meters and its harmonics — in other words: 129, 258, 387 and 596 MC (megacycles i.e. million cycles per second).

This brings to mind the work of a man who started publishing articles on this kind of subject more than 35 years ago. An Italian university professor named Cazzamalli placed human subjects in a shielded room, subjected them to high-frequency radio waves, and claimed to be able to record a “beat” which, he RECEIVED ON A SIMPLE UNTUNED RECEIVER consisting of a galena crystal, a small capacitor, antenna and sensitive galvanometer. Cazzamalli’s equipment, as well as it can be determined from his early articles, is shown in Fig. 1.

The one item which he never mentions, perhaps because he could not accurately determine it, is the POWER OF HIS TRANSMITTER.

He published oscillograms purportedly showing VARIATIONS of the “beats” when his subjects were EMOTIONALLY AROUSED OR ENGAGED IN CREATIVE EFFORTS.

Later experiments delivered much more startling results: he found that some of his subjects would HALLUCINATE under the influence of the high-frequency radio waves, which ranged all the way up to 300 MC.

The Cazzamalli experiments were carefully duplicated with modern equipment, of much greater sensitivity than his. His “oscillatori telegrafica” (presumably a transmitter as used for wireless telegraphy) was replaced with a very modest low-power oscillator. The reason for this was twofold.

In the first place, university authorities take a very dim view of experiments on human beings, even if these subjects are the scientists themselves, volunteering for the part.

Second, a previous experiment had indicated in a rather startling way that POWER WAS NOT REQUIRED TO EVOKE EFFECTS IN THE HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM. In fact, there seemed to be SOME SORT OF RESONANT FREQUENCY APPLICABLE TO EACH INDIVIDUAL HUMAN.

Effects on Humans

That experiment was suggested by the behavior of the monkeys we cited. These animals went through a sequence of behavior which would indicate that something besides thermal effects was operating.

To discover if this “something” was subjectively noticeable by an individual, a weak oscillator swept through the band of 300 to 600 MC with the request that the subject indicate any points at which he might notice anything unusual. The subjects were not allowed to see the dial.

AT A PARTICULAR FREQUENCY BETWEEN 380 TO 500 MC FOR DIFFERENT SUBJECTS, they repeatedly indicated a point with ALMOST UNBELIEVABLE ACCURACY (as many as 14 out of 15 times).

Subsequent experiments with the same subjects showed that at the “individual” frequency, STRANGE THINGS WERE FELT. Asked to describe the experience, all subjects agreed there was a definite “pulsing” in the brain, ringing in the ears and a DESIRE TO PUT THEIR TEETH INTO THE NEAREST EXPERIMENTER.

The oscillator in this case was putting out only MILLIWATTS OF POWER, and WAS PLACED SEVERAL FEET FROM THE SUBJECT.

Optical and Growth Effects

It was not the first time that such phenomena had been observed. Van Everdingen, a Dutch scientist, had discovered many years ago that radiation would affect the heartbeat of chicken embryos, when he was experimenting with the effects of high-frequency radiation on growth (specifically working toward any effect it might have on malignant growths).

Van Everdingen used 1,875 MC and 3,000 MC and discovered that this kind of radiation WOULD CHANGE THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF A GLYCOGEN SOLUTION.

Glycogen is a substance which provides our muscles with energy! Van Everdingen found that this change of optical polarization had some CONNECTION WITH TUMOR GROWTH. He proceeded to RE-ROTATE THE POLARIZATION IN EXTRACTS OBTAINED FROM TUMOR-PRODUCING MICE.

When this optically “pure” substance was injected into mice with malignant tumors, and these mice were kept on a diet free of animal fats, THE TUMORS WOULD CEASE TO GROW. Only radiation at UHF (ultra-high) or SHF (super-high frequency) would produce these effects in the substances he used.

But Van Everdingen was not the only one who discovered important facts about radiation on living tissues. Years before, a Frenchman name Lakhovsky claimed to have removed tumors from patients with high-frequency radiation treatments, and his book, THE SECRET OF LIFE, has a number of attestations in it from grateful patients who were cured.

Lakhovsky stated that healthy plant growth is materially aided BY PLACING A COPPER RING ABOUT 8 INCHES IN DIAMETER and supported on an insulating wooden stick (Fig. 2) AROUND THE PLANT.

So-called tumerous growths on plants disappeared withing such a ring. Lakhovsky’s experiment with plants has been duplicated successfully. But then we should also note that the same kind of thing has been done by a group of devout citizens using GROUP PRAYER!

But the people who have published the most data on the subject of UHF radiation effects on animals and human subjects are the Russians. In BIOFISICA, the Russian biophysics journal, a scientist named Livshits published two survery articles on the work that had been in this field by 1958 and 1959. They are too extensive to repeat in great detail here, but some of the more impressive highlights will be reported.

Many experiments were carried out on animals with conditioned reflexes, and one by Glezer showed that a WEAK UHF FIELD would INHIBIT THE CONDITIONED REFLEX, indicating that some inhibition of the cortex was taking place.

As in Van Everdingen’s experiment with chicken eggs, Pardzhanidze showed that the EEG’s of rabbits were DRASTICALLY CHANGED WHEN THE ANIMALS WERE SUBJECTED TO A UHF FIELD. Bludova, Kurilova and Tikhonova showed that the field produced AN INCREASE OF SENSITIVITY IN THE RETINA, and simultaneously REDUCED THE AREA OF COLOR SENSITIVITY.

It is interesting to speculate how this would correlate with the Land effects. (Land, of Polaroid camera fame, has shown recently that our concepts of three-color vision seems to depend primarily on the presence of two images STIMULATED BY TWO DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES OF LIGHT!)

Turlygin similarly showed that the sensitivity of the eyes of dark-adapted subjects at marginal levels was INCREASED AS MUCH AS 100% BY THE PRESENCE OF A UHF FIELD.

Nerve Effects

Of importance in the light of Lakhovsky’s claims is the experiment by Grigoreva, who showed that short exposures to UHF would EXPEDITE THE REGROWTH OF SEVERED NERVE TISSUE, while prolonged exposure would SUPPRESS THE REGROWTH.

A fact discovered many years ago is that a UHF field will have an ANALGESIC (pain-reducing) effect on nerves, and radiation therapy of patients with painful diseases such as arthritis is fairly common practice here and abroad.

If the field gets very intense, the situation reverses, and the effects on the nerves can be extremely painful, as Lebedinskii reports.

Numerous experiments are cited which deal with the simultaneous effects of various kinds of drugs, stimulants and toxins, and UHF fields. Many of these deal with very specific reactions and conditions, and any generalization would be rather meaningless. One particularly was of interest because of its relation to the experiments of the late Pavlov, the father of the conditioned reflex.

This experiment shows that the field INCREASES THE SECRETION OF HISTAMINE IN THE STOMACH, and in related experiments that the secretion of digestive juice which was artificially stimulated by such drugs as atropine is MATERIALLY REDUCED BY THE FIELD.

Closer to home, we find that Hugh Fleming at Oregon State College carried out experiments on the effects of HIGH-FREQUENCY EFFECTS ON MICROORGANISMS. Fleming used radiation at frequencies varying from 10 meters to 90 CM (30 to 270 MC).

One result was that the RATE OF GROWTH OF CELLS WILL INCREASE to a certain power level, and then will SHARPLY DECREASE.

TIME OF EXPOSURE and CONDUCTIVITY OF THE MEDIUM are IMPORTANT VARIABLES (as was also discovered by Van Everdingen, who also found the VISCOSITY OF THE MEDIUM to be MOST IMPORTANT).

Summing it up

Now what does all this mean in terms of Mr. Gernsback’s warning statement?

If you consider the few items we have been able to quote (more detail can be found in the articles cited in the bibliographhy), it is obvious that WE ARE IN SOME WAY SUSCEPTIBLE TO RADIO WAVES, and that our susceptibility IS NOT NECESSARY LIMITED TO A PARTICULAR FREQUENCY. Nor are large amounts of power required to produce some of the effects within us.

But precisely what these effects are, we understand not at all. Van Everdingen points out that the possibility of molecular resonance, AFFECTING THE CHEMICAL BONDS in our very substance.

The egg experiments certainly indicate some sort of interference with the cortex (our “gray matter”) which MAY AFFECT OUR THINKING AND OUT CONTROL OVER THE “BASER” DRIVES (generally considered to be generated in the lower sections of the brain, but normally controlled or inhibited by the cortex).

Our physiological functions, such as our digestion, our ability to see and recover from damage when nerves are involved may well be drastically affected if we are subjected to a high enough power level.

Tumors may be inhibited BY THE PROPER KIND OF RADIO WAVERS yet, in other cases, particularly when coupled with the “wrong” kind of DIET, radiation may also PROMOTE THE GROWTH OF TUMORS. (This too was demonstrated by Van Everdingen in Holland).

WE DO NOT KNOW IF OUR LONGEVITY WILL BE AFFECTED. Certainly we should consider the possibility that there may be SOME RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE INCREASE OF CANCER AND THE AMOUNT OF RADIATION we indiscriminately spew into the atmosphere.

Or even that there may be some connection between that radiation and our SHARPLY INCREASING CRIME RATES.

We simply do not know enough about the effects, but what little we do know would tend to make Mr. Gernsback’s warning all the more urgent.

For while there is nothing lethal about the doses of radio-frequency energy we absorb daily, neither is there anything lethal in the STEADY DRIP OF WATER ON A MAN’S FOREHEAD — but it was effectively used by medieval torturers to drive him completely out of his mind.

Perhaps we have a responsibility to mankind, before we fill in all the gaps in the radio spectrum, to discover once and for all if we are affecting human life on this planet. And if so, in what manner, as we finally had to do for another surprise out of Pandora’s box, man-made radioactivity.

References

F. Cazzamalli

– “Electromagnetic Radiation Phenomena from Human Cerebrum During Intense Activity of Creative Artistic Nature”, Neurologica, 1935.

– “Experiments, Discussions and Problems of Biophysics of Cerebrum”, Quaderni Di Psichiatria, 1929.

– “Telepsychic Phenomena and Radiation from Cerebrum”, Neurologica, 1923.

– “About a Phenomenon of Cerebropsychic Radiation and Biophysical Methods of Exploring It,” Neuropsychiatrica, 1934.

W.A.G. Van Everdingen

– “Molecular Changes of Structure Resulting from Irradiation with Hertzian Waves of Frequency of 1875 MC,” Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, Nov. 40′

– “Molecular Changes and Modifications of Structure Resulting from Radiation with Hertzian Waves of Wavelength of 10 CM (frequency 3000 MC),” Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, Jul. 41′

– “Changes in Physiochemical Nature of Organic Bonds by Irradiation, Mostly in Connection with the Cancer Problem,” Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, Feb. 43′

K. F. Grishina

– “Importance of Certain Points of Methods in Local Response of Tissues to Centimeter Waves,” Biophyzika, Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 358-362, 1958

B. S. Jacobson, S. B. Prausnitz and C. Susskind

– “Investigation of Thermal Balance in Mammals by Means of Microwave Radiation,” Transactions on Medical Electronics Proceedings of the IRE, June, 1959

Frank, Leary

– “Researching Microwave Health Hazards,” Electronics, February, 1959

N. N. Livshits

– “Role of Nervous System in Reactions to Ultra-High-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields,” Biofizika, Vol. 2, No. 3, 1957 (has a 96-item bibliography)

– “Effects of Ultra-High-Frequency Field on Functions of Nervous Systems,” Biofizika, Vol. 3, No. 4 pp. 426-436, 1958

A. S. Pressman

– “Methods of Experimentally Irradiating Small Animals with Centimeter Waves,” Biofizika, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 354-358, 1958

Hugh Fleming

– “Effects of High-Frequency Fields on Micro-Organisms,” Electrical Engineering, pp. 18-21, Jan. 1944

N. Nrunori and S. Torrisi

– “Ultra-High-Frequency Electromagnetic Vibrations, Their Effects on Living Organisms,” American Journal of Physical Therapy, Jun. 1930

P. Liebesy

– “Athermic Short Wave Therapy,” Archives of Physical Therapy, December, 1938

Source of the original text file:
KeelyNet filename : Mind1.ASC or Mind1.ZIP
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This information courtesy of Jerry Gallimore

http://web.archive.org/web/20081030032409/http://www.angelfire.com/or/mctrl/radiowaves.html

by Dr. Nick Begich

Over the last several years Earthpulse has been investigating the latest developments in technology. We explore subjects related to improving the human condition and expose projects which we believe are risky and unnecessary. This essay is about some of the science being developed and contemplated by military planners and others which could profoundly effect our lives. The intent of this essay is to focus discussion on these new systems by bringing them into the light of day.

Is it possible to trigger earthquakes, volcanic eruptions or weather changes by man-made activities? Is it possible to create and direct balls of energy at lightning speeds, to destroy an enemy? Is it possible to manipulate the behavior, and even the memories, of people using specialized technologies? The United States military and others believe that this is the case. Many of these systems are well on their way to being used in the battlefield.

Zapping the Adversary

There are many new technologies being explored that will cause people to experience artificial memories, delusions and physical problems. These new technologies are being designed to minimize death (although death is possible) and to be virtually undetectable. Many of these new weapons are being called “non-lethal” in terms of their effect on people.

In a recent hearing in a Foreign Affairs Subcommittee of the European Parliament1 the issue of these new technologies was discussed. I was one of those called to testify along with a number of other people. One of the most interesting speakers was from the International Red Cross in Geneva, Switzerland, who gave an excellent presentation on “non-lethals”. One of the points which he made involved the definition of “non- lethal”. Part of the definition involved the idea that such weapons would result in a less than 25% kill factor for those exposed to them.

He explained the fallacy in this by noting that land mines would even fit this definition because they did not kill over 25% of their victims. He explained that lasers which could permanently blind a person could also fit the definition. He also gave the example of “sticky foam” being used on an adversary and that this might not kill the person unless it landed on the victim’s face and caused a slow and agonizing death by suffocation. The main point made was that non-lethals could indeed be lethal. Many of the panelists concluded that the term non-lethal was not accurate in describing these new systems and seemed more like a ploy to gain acceptance for the new technology.

Another relevant point made in the hearing was the frequency of use of these weapons in non-combat situations or policing actions. Comparisons between Bosnia and Northern Ireland were made. It was pointed out that in conflicts where rubber bullets and other non-lethal systems were available they tended to be used with greater frequency because the troops using them believed that they would not kill. Others in conflict situations using weapons clearly designed for killing used much greater restraint. As of the date of the hearing “peace keepers” armed with modern weapons had not fired a shot in Bosnia whereas in Northern Ireland there were often injuries and deaths from the use of “non-lethals”.

One of the most revealing documents I have found regarding these new technologies was produced by the Scientific Advisory Board of the Air Force. The Air Force initiated a significant study to look forward into the next century and see what was possible for new weapons. In one of the volumes published as a result of the study, researchers, scientists and others were encouraged to put together forecasts of what might be possible in the next century. One of those forecasts shockingly revealed the following:

“One can envision the development of electromagnetic energy sources, the output of which can be pulsed, shaped, and focused, that can couple with the human body in a fashion that will allow one to prevent voluntary muscular movements, control emotions (and thus actions), produce sleep, transmit suggestions, interfere with both short-term and long-term memory, produce an experience set, and delete an experience set.”2

Think about this for a moment – a system which can manipulate emotions, control behavior, put you to sleep, create false memories and wipe old memories clean. Realizing this was a forecast and not necessarily the current state of technology should not cause one to believe that it is not a current issue. These systems are far from speculative. In fact, a great deal of work has already been done in this area with many systems being developed. The forecast went on to say:

“It would also appear possible to create high fidelity speech in the human body, raising the possibility of covert suggestion and psychological direction. When a high power microwave pulse in the gigahertz range strikes the human body, a very small temperature perturbation occurs. This is associated with a sudden expansion of the slightly heated tissue. This expansion is fast enough to produce an acoustic wave. If a pulse stream is used, it should be possible to create an internal acoustic field in the 5-15 kilohertz range, which is audible. Thus, it may be possible to “talk” to selected adversaries in a fashion that would be most disturbing to them.”3

Is it possible to talk to a person remotely by projecting a voice into his head? The forecaster suggests that this would be “disturbing” to the victim – what an understatement, it would be pure terror. A weapon could intrude into the brain of an individual represents a gross invasion of his private life. The idea that these new systems could be created in the next several years should be cause for significant discussion and public debate.

From National Defense to the Justice Department

On July 21, 1994, Dr. Christopher Lamb, Director of Policy Planning, issued a draft Department of Defense directive which would establish a policy for non-lethal weapons. The policy was intended to take effect January 1, 1995, and formally connected the military’s non-lethal research to civilian law enforcement agencies.

The government’s plan to use pulsed electromagnetic and radio frequency systems as a nonlethal technology for domestic Justice Department use rings the alarm for some observers. Nevertheless, the plan for integrating these systems is moving forward. Coupling these uses with expanded military missions is even more disturbing. This combined mission raises additional constitutional questions for Americans regarding the power of the federal government.4

In interviews with members of the Defense Department the development of this policy was confirmed.5 In those February, 1995, discussions, it was discovered that these policies were internal to agencies and were not subject to any public review process.

In its draft form, the policy gives highest priority to development of those technologies most likely to get dual use, i.e. law enforcement and military applications. According to this document, non-lethal weapons are to be used on the government’s domestic “adversaries”. The definition of “adversary” has been significantly enlarged in the policy:

“The term ‘adversary’ is used above in its broadest sense, including those who are not declared enemies but who are engaged in activities we wish to stop. This policy does not preclude legally authorized domestic use of the nonlethal weapons by United States military forces in support of law enforcement.”6

This allows use of the military in actions against the citizens of the country that they are supposed to protect. This policy statement begs the question; who are the enemies that are engaged in activities they wish to stop, what are those activities, and who will make the decisions to stop these activities?

An important aspect of non-lethal weapon systems is that the name non- lethal is intentionally misleading. The Policy adds, “It is important that the public understand that just as lethal weapons do not achieve perfect lethality, neither will ‘non-lethal’ weapons always be capable of precluding fatalities and undesired collateral damage”.7 In other words, you might still destroy property and kill people with the use of these new weapons.

In press statements, the government continues to downplay the risks associated with such systems, even though the lethal potential is described in context of their own usage policy. In Orwellian double speak, what is nonlethal can be lethal.

International Red Cross

Questions are not being raised just by the author of this article, they are being raised by the International Committee of the Red Cross. In their report from mid-1994,8 a number of points were raised.

The idea of “war without death” was not new but began in the 1950′s, according to the report. The military interest in these systems dealt with chemical weapons, later advancing to radiation weapons. The report looked at the ramifications of international law regarding use of these new technologies. It pointed out weaknesses in the international conventions regarding the use of chemical weapons:

“Therefore, when the Convention (Chemical Weapons Convention) comes into force next year, activities involving them – activities such as development, production, stockpiling and use – will become illegal, unless their purpose is a purpose that is expressly not prohibited under the Convention. One such purpose is ‘law enforcement including domestic riot control purposes’ 9 Unfortunately, the Convention does not define what it means by ‘law enforcement’ (whose law? what law? enforcement where? by whom?), though it does define what it means by ‘riot control agent’, namely ‘any chemical…which can produce rapidly in humans sensory irritation or disabling physical effects which disappear within a short time following termination of exposure’. States parties are enjoined ‘not to use riot control agents as a method of warfare’ “.10

In other words, we can use on our own citizens what we cannot use in warfare with real enemies who are threats to national security. This explains why the development of some types of non-lethals has moved out of the Department of Defense into the Department of Justice. For the Department of Defense to continue to work on some of these weapons, as instruments of war, is now illegal under international law. The Red Cross report went on to discuss the shift from weapons of war to police tools which they called – “riot control agents”.

What does this mean for Americans? This places Americans, and citizens of other countries, in a lesser protected class than individuals seeking to destroy our countries – our real adversaries. This language really represents a way for countries to continue to develop these weapons. This is a loop-hole in the agreement. So while the treaty looks good on the surface, it is hollow rhetoric underneath.

In another section of the report, “Future Weapons Using High Power Microwaves” are discussed at length. This section describes microwave frequencies developed for use in weapons against machines and people.

One of the uses described is an Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) weapon which gives an operator the same ability to wipe out electronic circuits as a nuclear blast would provide. The main difference is that this new technology is controllable, and can be used without violating nuclear weapons treaties.

This section of the report then described energy levels needed for the following to occur:

“Overheats and damages animal tissue.”

“Possibly affects nervous system.”

“Threshold for microwave hearing.”

“Causes bit errors in unshielded computers.”

“Burns out unprotected receiver diodes in antennas.”

The effects are based on radio frequency radiation being pulsed “between 10 and 100 pulses per second”. The report confirmed that non-thermal effects were being researched. These non-thermal effects included damage to human health when the effects occurred “within so-called modulation frequency windows (10 Hertz is one such window11) or power density windows12″.

The way these weapons work was clearly described when the report noted their effect on machines:

“A HPM (High Power Microwave) weapon employs a high power, rapidly pulsating microwave beam that penetrates electronic components.The pulsing action internally excites the components, rapidly generating intense heat which causes them to fuse or melt, thus destroying the circuit…HPM (weapons) attack at the speed of light thus making avoidance of the beam impossible, consequently negating the advantage of weapon systems such as high velocity tactical missiles.”

In other words, with this kind of weapon there is no machine which could get by this invisible wall of directed energy.

Another report on non-lethal technologies, issued by the Council on Foreign Relations points out that, “The Nairobi Convention, to which the United States is a signatory, prohibits the broadcast of electronic signals into a sovereign state without its consent in peacetime.”13

This report opens discussion of the use of these weapons against terrorists and drug traffickers.14 The CFR report recommends that this be done secretly so that the victims do not know where the attack is from, or if there even is an attack. There is a problem with this approach. The use of these weapons, even against these kinds of individuals, may be in violation of United States law in that it presumes guilt rather than innocence. In other words the police, CIA, DEA or other enforcement organization becomes the judge, jury and executioner.

Going to another document by a Captain Paul Tyler, we can look at the debate between classical theories and recent research. There is a gulf of conflict between these two schools of thought. The debate centers on the classical idea that only ionizing radiation (that which generates heat in tissue) can cause reactions in the body, while new research indicates that subtle, small, amounts of energy can cause reactions as well. What Tyler wrote in 1984, as an officer in the Air Force, puts the debate simply. He said,

“Even though the body is basically an electrochemical system, modern science has almost exclusively studied the chemical aspects of the body and to date has largely neglected the electrical aspects. However, over the past decade researchers have devised many mathematical models to approximate the internal fields in animals and humans. Some of the later models have shown general agreement with experimental measurements made with the phantom models and animals. Presently most scientists in the field use the concept of specific absorption rate for determining the Dosimetry (dosages) of electromagnetic radiation. Specific absorption rate is the intensity of the internal electric field or quantity of energy absorbed… However, the use of these classical concepts of electrodynamics does not explain some experimental results and clinical findings. For example, according to classical physics, the frequency of visible light would indicate that it is reflected or totally absorbed within the first few millimeters of tissue and thus no light should pass through significant amounts of tissue. But it does. Also, classical theory indicates that the body should be completely invisible to extremely low frequencies of light where a single wave length is thousands of miles long. However, visible light has been used in clinical medicine to transilluminate various body tissues.”15

In other words, the classical theories are partially wrong in that they do not fully explain all of the reactions which are observed in the body. The Navy has abstracted over a thousand international professional papers by private and government scientists which explore these issues.

Tyler continues,

“A second area where classical theory fails to provide an adequate explanation for observed effects is in the clinical use of extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields. Researchers have found that pulsed external magnetic fields at frequencies below 100 Hertz (pulses/cycles per second) will stimulate the healing of nonunion fractures, congenital pseudarthroses, and failed arthroses. The effects of these pulsed magnetic fields have been extremely impressive, and their use in orthopedic conditions has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration.”16

Even the FDA, one of the most vigorous regulatory authorities in the country, accepts these non-thermal effects. Tyler adds,

“Recently, pulsed electromagnetic fields have been reported to induce cellular transcription (this has to do with the duplication or copying of information from DNA, a process important to life). At the other end of the non ionizing spectrum, research reports are also showing biological effects that are not predicted in classical theories. For example, Kremer and others have published several papers showing that low intensity millimeter waves produce biological effects. They have also shown that not only are the effects seen at very low power, but they are also frequency-specific.”

Tyler goes on to discuss the results of this new thinking and the possible effects of these low energy radiations in terms of information transfer and storage, and their effects on the nervous system. Research has shown that very specific frequencies cause very specific reactions, and, once a critical threshold is passed, negative reactions occur.17

Institute for Non-Lethals

It has been fourteen years since Tyler’s paper was delivered and the controversy began to take form. Now there is even more energy being pressed into the anchoring of the newest means of killing and maiming one another. “Imagine a world where land mines don’t blow up but give off an eerie sound that makes intruders feel sick. Or a war where attackers don’t use missiles to stop tanks but microwaves to shut down engines.”18 The Institute for Non-Lethal Defense Technologies at Penn State College has been established in cooperation with the United States Marines. The institute was created to evaluate weapons created by organizations outside the military. The new institute will look at legal, ethical, political, environmental and physical effects of these new technologies.

Manipulating the Environment

There has been a good deal of speculation about the possibilities of creating artificial weather and of controlling the weather. This it not new and has been the subject of on-going military research for decades. Moreover, in 1976 the United States signed international treaties calling for a ban on “geophysical warfare”.

The use of new weapons is not limited to governments and sophisticated science laboratories. In April ,1997, the United States Secretary of Defense, William Cohen made the following comment:

“Others are engaging even in an eco-type of terrorism whereby they can alter climate, set off earthquakes, volcanoes remotely through the use of electromagnetic waves.”19

This is not new either but has its roots in 1960-70′s era research by American scientists and continues to appear in numerous articles and reports. The idea of creating artificial weather including cyclones is being explored. In a recent article in the Wall Street Journal it was reported that “a Malaysian company, BioCure Sdn. Bhd., will sign a memorandum of understanding soon with a government-owned Russian party to produce the Cyclone.”20 The deal with the Russians was set up so that if the technology did not work the Malaysians did not have to pay for the attempt. There have been other reports of Russian research into this area.

Nukes for the Bad Guys?

It was reported in the Jerusalem Post that Iran paid $25 million for two tactical nuclear weapons smuggled out of the former Soviet Union in the early 1990′s and that technicians from Argentina were involved in the secret operation.21 This was an interesting report because these kinds of weapons are relatively small. The U.S. government has been concerned about these kinds of weapons being launched at the country or one of our allies. While this is a concern, perhaps a bigger concern might be the fact that these small weapons could be smuggled into the country. Is this possible? Could this happen in the United States? Considering the fact that our government can not keep boatloads of drugs out I suggest that the landing of a small tactical weapon is not only possible but highly probable and that someone with the will to do so would be successful in his attempt.

Photon Torpedoes

What else might be on the way? In a 1989 patent a most interesting bit of science is revealed. The development of new energy weapons has occupied the imaginations and resources of our national and private laboratories. One such weapon idea is owned by the United States Department of Energy. It is a new kind of weapon which allows electromagnetic or acoustic energy to be focused into a tight package of energy which can be projected over great distances without dissipating. When scientists think of this energy being projected through the air it was always assumed that the energy would dissipate, dispersing at such a rapid rate that no weapon’s effect could be realized. What has been discovered is that there is a way to create such a system. In a U. S. patent the following summary appears:

“The invention relates generally to transmission of pulses of energy, and more particularly to the propagation of localized pulses of electromagnetic or acoustic energy over long distances without divergence.”22

“As the Klingon battle cruiser attacks the Starship Enterprise, Captain Kirk commands “Fire photon torpedoes”. Two darts or blobs of light speed toward their target to destroy the enemy spaceship. Stardate 1989, Star Trek reruns, or 3189, somewhere in intergalactic space. Fantasy or reality. The ability to launch localized packets of light or other energy which do not diverge as they travel great distances through space may incredibly be at hand.”23

The patent describes the energy effect as “electromagnetic missiles or bullets” which could destroy almost any object in their path.

Star Wars

Remember Star Wars? That weapon concept would move the theater of war to space. In 1995, the funding for Star Wars was widely reported as a dead issue when full funding was defeated by the United States Congress. Star Wars did not end. As many unpopular programs do – they just get new names.

“This year the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (once called the Strategic Defense Initiative) got $3.7 billion. That’s up from $2.8 billion in 1995, and is very near the peak level spent during the Cold War.”24

What is interesting is that – the billions spent on Star Wars systems, which these became known as, were only for “research” according to the military’s mission statement. The technology is being advanced in the hope that a system might be developed early in the next century. The external threats are now being characterized as rogue states and terrorist organizations which might gain delivery technologies. While the threats are not imagined and need to be addressed, it is not responsible to create word games which end public debate and allow systems thought to be discontinued the latitude to proceed.

In another “offshoot of the Reagan administration’s Strategic Defense Initiative” satellite-disabling lasers have been developed. A test, at less than full power, was performed at the end of 1997 to demonstrate the ability of the system to hit its target. The demonstration was a success and now many are concerned that this may provoke an arms race in space.25 This is the same concern which was raised when this technology was first discussed in public forums. There was a good deal of objection and yet here we are two decades later delivering on the “impossible” technology.

The Ethics of the Unethical

One of the things which has always bothered me as a researcher is how the little guy is always held to a high standard of accountability while big organizations get away with murder. I am not suggesting that individuals should be held to a lesser standard – quite to the contrary. Organizations responsible for the security of the nation should be held to the highest standards. We must ask ourselves what these agencies are charged with protecting and whether their actions follow the values expressed in law. Are there reasons that the government should be excused from meeting the requirements of the law? Is there good cause for hiding behind laws which allow for the exploitation of other laws? An article appeared recently which illustrates the point, as follows:

“A former CIA officer from the agency’s top secret ‘black bag’ unit that breaks into foreign embassies to steal code books was charged with espionage Friday for tipping off two countries about the CIA’s success in compromising their communications.”26

Douglas Groat was fired in 1996 from the CIA’s Science and Technology Directorate and could now face the death penalty. These super secret teams are sent around the world to break into embassies and other locations to steal codes and other information so that the National Security Agency (NSA) can intercept a country’s classified communications and know their contents. The article concluded,

“The CIA has never publicly acknowledged the existence of its black- bag teams because their operations are by their nature illegal. And they not only target America’s adversaries but embassies of friendly powers.”27

Consider the contents of this article from the perspective of one of our allies. Remember a few years ago the outrage of our government when we discovered that the State of Israel was using its intelligence gathering resources in the U.S. It was an outrage – or was it just the game we all play? Why should we expect anything less of our allies then we expect of ourselves?

Lost in the Illusion

In this essay I hoped to disclose some of the technology which is here now and advancing rapidly. More than this, I am hopeful that the information would be useful in assessing the state of technology from what appears in some of the open literature. What has happened in the United States which has allowed segments of our government to set agendas which run counter to the values most of us hold?

The transparency of government – the idea that we should be able to look into our government and see clearly the values of the population reflected there is an absolute expectation. Are there risks in transparent government? Yes, an open society necessitates that certain risks be taken.

As technology advances, the ability to control populations and manipulate outcomes also advances. Because we know how to control the weather, create earthquakes, force behavioral changes and manipulate the physiology of people does not mean that we should do it. The age we are in requires even greater safeguards of personal freedoms, not further constraints upon it. If freedom is what is being defended than freedom is what must be inherent in the actions our governments take in creating aspects of our reality.

February 6, 1998, Brussels, Belgium, European Parliament’s Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Security and Disarmament.

New World Vistas: Air and Space Power for the 21st Century – Ancillary Volume; Scientific Advisory Board (Air Force), Washington, D.C.; Document #19960618040; 1996; pages 89-90.

Ibid.

Department of Defense Directive, Policy for Non-Lethal Weapons, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense, Draft July 21, 1994.

Interviews in late February by Nick Begich.

Department of Defense Directive, Policy for Non-Lethal Weapons, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense, Draft July 21, 1994.

Ibid.

“Expert Meeting on Certain Weapon Systems and on Implementation Mechanisms in International Law”, Report of the International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva, Switzerland, May 30 – June 1, 1994. Issued July 1994.

Chemical Weapons Convention, Article II.9(d).

“Expert Meeting on Certain Weapon Systems and on Implementation Mechanisms in International Law”, Report of the International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva, Switzerland, May 30 – June 1, 1994. Issued July 1994.

Discussion with Dr. Patrick Flanagan on August 2, 1995.

“Expert Meeting on Certain Weapon Systems and on Implementation Mechanisms in International Law”, Report of the International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva, Switzerland, May 30 – June 1, 1994. Issued July 1994.

“Non-Lethal Technologies; Military Options and Implications”, Report of an Independent Task Force sponsored by the Council on Foreign Relations, Malcom H. Weiner, Chairman, released June 22, 1995.

Ibid.

Low-Intensity Conflict and Modern Technology, Lt Col. David J. Dean USAF, Editor, Air University Press, Center for Aerospace Doctrine, Research, and Education, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, June 1986.

Ibid.

Low-Intensity Conflict and Modern Technology, Lt Col. David J. Dean USAF, Editor, Air University Press, Center for Aerospace Doctrine, Research, and Education, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, June 1986.

Anchorage Daily News; “Future Weapons May Avert Deaths”; by Michael Raphael.

Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense, Department of Defense News Briefing, Secretary of Defense William Cohen, April 28, 1997. Conference on Terrorism, Weapons of Mass Destruction, and U.S. Strategy at the Georgia Center, Mahler Auditorium, University of Georgia, Athens, Ga.

The Wall Street Journal; “Malaysia to Battle Smog With Cyclones”; by Chen May Yee; page A19, November 13, 1997.

Anchorage Daily News; “Report Says Iran Bought Nuclear Arms”; page A-8, April 11, 1998.

U.S. Patent #4,959,559; “Electromagnetic or Other Directed Energy Pulse Launcher”; Inventor: Richard W. Ziolkowski; Assigned to the United States of America as represented by the U.S.Department of Energy, Washington, D.C.

Ibid.

Investor’s Business Daily; “Star Wars: Force Not with Us, US Remains Defenseless Against Missile Attack; August 25, 1997; page 1.

Anchorage Daily News; “Army Laser Zaps Satellite”; by Paul Richter (Los Angeles Times); October 21, 1997.

Anchorage Daily News; “Ex-CIA Officer Faces Charges of Espionage”; by James Risen (Los Angeles Times); page A-3, April 4, 1998.

Ibid.

Source: http://www.earthpulse.com/haarp/starwars.html

“Somehow we all end up paying for what we do.” -Bill Clinton

On January 25, 1993, a lone assassin calmly walked among cars stopped at a stop light with an assault rifle and shot and killed two CIA personnel and wounded three others. The suspect, Mir Aimal Kansi, was placed on the FBI list of ten most wanted fugitives.

The FBI, in concert with the CIA, conducted a multi-national manhunt to bring the criminal to justice. On Sunday, June 15, 1997, Mir Aimal Kansi was apprehended. As the CIA, in alliance with the military, applauded the courage and valor of the men who brought the lone killer to justice, they forgot the thousands upon thousands of injustices calmly done by this very same institution. President Clinton failed to remember as well when he remarked, “The United States will not relent in the pursuit of those who use violence against Americans to advance their goals no matter how long it takes, no matter where they hide.” CNN 6/18/97.

In 1947 the CIA operation sprang out of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). It was supposed to be an intelligence gathering agency. It was also supposed to counteract the “plots” of “commie spies” who were undermining U.S. freedom. It was reported that the “commie spies” were going to use propaganda and brainwashing techniques to instill into American thinking “communist socialism” ideology. We were all sure that we needed to counteract their insidious plots. This was the “Cold War” between U.S. freedom and Russian “brainwashing”.

The CIA’s statement of itself when it is examined in the light of its past performance seems somewhat enigmatic. When the statement is read with their special glasses on, they portray themselves to be a flag-waving righteous agency working for the benefit of the world and its people, but when we do a reality check, “found wanting” is a gross understatement. We should consider the CIA’s statement of itself and then examine that statement in the light of its beginning and its history.

“Our Vision:

* To be the keystone of a U.S. Intelligence community that is pre-eminent in the world, known for both the high quality of our work and the excellence of our people.

Our Mission:

* Conducting counterintelligence activities, special activities, and other functions related to foreign intelligence and national security as directed by the president.

How We Do Our Work:

* Accepting accountability for our actions.

* Continuous improvement in all that we do.”

CIA Vision, Mission, and Values

It may open one’s eyes to look at some of this agency’s “high quality” people known for “excellence” that have operated as directed by the president. Just a few statements made by those who should know what they are talking about begin to form the picture.

EXCELLENCE IN PERSONNEL

William (Wild Bill) Donovan, Coordinator of Information by FDR, recruited a Cornell graduate from Boston named Stanley Lovell. Lovell described his work as follows: “What I have to do is to stimulate the Peck’s Bad Boy beneath the surface of every American scientist and say to him, ‘Throw all your normal law-abiding concepts out the window. Here’s a chance to raise merry hell. Come help me raise it.’” Mind Manipulators, Scheflin and Opton. p.241.

George Hunter White wrote of his CIA escapades . . . “I toiled wholeheartedly in the vineyards because it was fun, fun, fun” ….”Where else could a red-blooded American boy lie, kill, cheat, steal, rape and pillage with the sanction and blessing of the all-highest?” Captain George White in a letter to Dr. Sidney Gottlieb.

A retired CIA agency caseworker with twenty years experience states of his work: “I never gave a thought to legality or morality. Frankly, I did what worked.” With statements such as these we can clearly see that men with no scruples about human decency or morality would be “excellent” in their “special functions.” It cannot be forgotten that these special operations are all carried out under the orders of the president.

It would be well for us to consider some of the early “special operations” to see who the enemy actually was. Once more, just a few of many “special operations” of the CIA begins to draw back the mask on its activities.

HOW WE DO OUR WORK

Operation Midnight Climax was a series of CIA run brothels in San Francisco and New York. The operation paid prostitutes $100 a day to lure men into the net. The prostitutes spiked their Johns’ drinks with LSD. The CIA, plentifully supplied with martinis, watched the action from behind closed doors and one-way mirrors. Not only was this operation illegal as were many others, but the men who were “experimented” upon had no idea that they were the objects of experimentations. The prostitutes were guaranteed their safety should they get caught plying their trade while engaged in this “special operation”.

A secret laboratory was established and funded by CIA director, Allen Dulles in Montreal, Canada at McGill University in the Allen Memorial Institute headed by psychiatrist Dr. Ewen Cameron. For the next several years Dr. Ewen Cameron waged his private war in Canada. What is ironic about Dr. Cameron is that he served as a member of the Nuremberg tribunal who heard the cases against the Nazi doctors.

When it was at its height in drug experiments, operation MK-ULTRA was formed. This was the brainchild of Richard Helms who later came to be a CIA director. It was designed to defeat the “enemy” in its brain- washing techniques. MK-ULTRA had another arm involved in Chemical and Biological Warfare (CBW) known as MK-DELTA. The “doctors” who participated in these experiments used some of the same techniques as the Nazi “doctors”. Those doctors who were not indicted in the Nuremberg trials were imported from Germany under the program called “Operation Paperclip.” The Nazi doctors were a valuable source of information to the CIA since many of the U.S. techniques mimicked what had already been done by the Nazis. German doctors were prosecuted at the Nuremberg trials for similar criminal acts that the U.S. experimenters carried out – and this was all done at the same time period as the American experiments were taking place. The real motto here should be: Let’s pursue relentlessly the wicked Nazi doctors, Russian spies, and lone assassins and forget about our “special operations”.

Just as Nazi Germany had its “expendables” the CIA had theirs. Among the expendables the CIA had were, war prisoners, prostitutes, sexual psychopaths, prison inmates, certain war objectors, mentally retarded people, the elderly, terminally ill patients, schizophrenics, drug addicts, foreigners and, of course, any other man, woman or child who would fit the bill of need.

Some of the CIA tortures carried out involved sensory deprivation, bodily function deprivation and sleep deprivation in rooms with no windows and continuous light. Other forms of mind control involved drug – induced comas, a wide variety of drugs, brain surgery (pre-frontal lobotomy), massive Page-Russell electric shocks, and electo-convulsive treatments combined with endless interrogations that were tape recorded. These interrogations were calculated to induce certain required answers from the “patient.” These tape recorded sessions were then played back to the patient by means of a helmet outfitted with headphones. The helmet was worn for days with the tape playing endlessly. Many times a combination of these techniques was used until the broken patient would succumb to death. Many that entered the walls of the laboratories would never see family, friends or the light of day again. To say it was a living hellish nightmare for most, would put it mildly.

These “special operations” were funded by the CIA through various intermediaries. Some had large financial interests in drug experiments. One such company was the Eli Lilly Company who told the CIA at its height of LSD manufacture that it could supply tons of the drug. George Bush, who was a CIA director and director of the President’s U.S. Drug Task Force, was also director of Eli Lilly Company from 1977-1979. (The Big Book of Conspiracies, Doug Moench, p. 111).

This does not take into account all the transactions of vice, drug dealing, torture, extortion, foreign country political interferences, assassination plots, murder implications, presidential assassination conspiracies, money laundering, propaganda, and covert operations domestic and abroad. While the agency says it has “cleaned up its act” and has released to the public scrutiny some of its past operations under the Freedom of Information Act, (FOIA) can we trust this powerful agency to tell us the truth?

JUST TRUST US

Richard Helms as acting CIA director was asked about secret CIA operations. He justified the CIA in an address to the National Press Club when he said: “You’ve just got to trust us. We are honorable men.” New York Review of Books 12/30/71 from Inside the Company, by Philip Agee. Trusting the CIA with a history as it has, would be tantamount to being locked in a den of roaring lions and trusting to get out unscathed.

So now we come to the point about the CIA’s position on taking responsibility. Do they really take responsibility for their actions or do we have a network of secrecy that extends from the president to CIA personnel?

Here is what President Truman said of the CIA and its creation, “I think that it was a mistake. And if I’d known what was going to happen, I never would have done it…. But it got out of hand…. Now as nearly as I can make out, those fellows in the CIA don’t just report on wars and the like, they go out and make their own and there is nobody to keep track of what they are up to. They spend billions of dollars on stirring up trouble so they will have something to report on. They’ve become . . . it’s become a government of all its own and all secret. They just don’t have to report to anybody. . . . The people have got a right to know what those birds are up to.

You’ve got to keep an eye on the military at all times, and it doesn’t matter whether it’s the birds in the Pentagon or the birds in the CIA.” Merle Miller, Plain Speaking: an Oral Biography of Harry S. Truman, pp. 391-2. While Truman states this about the agency, he is not free of liability. He set it up.

The agency has an understanding among its members called plausible deniability. Plausible deniability simply means your subordinates understand what to do without written authorization or verbal communication taking place. Therefore, there is no paper trail or even a verbal communication taking place that can be traced or verified. After all, what would it do to “national security” for the world to know that the president was directing “special operations” for fun and profit?

What is the real mission of this agency who does not need to answer to the public? Once the records are unveiled under the FOIA , why are the names of the key players always edited out? Why has the president issued a specific Executive Order (EO #12958) to the intent that no names are to be revealed? Why is the CIA, the president and the military always so concerned about “national security?” What are they afraid of revealing?

That the “Cold War” was invented just so the CIA could carry out its own mind control operations with the blessing of the American public is very likely. In political trials the CIA seized the convenient opportunities to justify their own course of actions. “That the CIA was able to take an old form of torture, dress it up with a lurid name, and convince the public that a new technique for mind subversion was being practiced by Communist nations, is a propaganda coup of stunning proportions.” …” The Soviet, Chinese and Korean brainwashing techniques were fully known to U.S. intelligence services. There was absolutely no basis, in fact, to allege that the communists had started brain warfare. It is not entirely impossible that the brainwashing scare was created by the CIA because it wanted to do mind control research and considered that the safest way to get authorization was to allege that the Soviets had done it first.” Mind Manipulators, Scheflin and Opton p. 225. ” According to a CIA document dated January 14, 1953, ‘Apparently their (Russian) major emphasis is on the development of specially trained teams for obtaining information without the use of narcotics, hypnosis, or special mechanical devices.’ A memo issued the next day by the Ad Hoc Medical Study Group admitted that ‘the present state of knowledge indicates little, if any, threat to National Security through ‘special interrogation’ techniques or agents.’” Acid Dreams, Lee and Shlain p. 17.

OUR MISSION

What we really have is a secret all-out war of the government against its own citizens carried out at the citizens expense. The U.S. paid the CIA to fight against itself not only with tax dollars and loss of freedom, but with severe body and mind damage. Many paid with their lives. There are several cases that have come to court where victims and families are suing for over a million dollars each and we may consider who pays for that? Are the perpetrators sued? Do the responsible governmental agencies step forward and take accountability? No! Names are withheld in the interest of “national security.” Not only is this war carried out nationally, but it is carried out on a worldwide scale, and the war has carefully implemented the very type of society that it was supposed to fight. It has been the perfect propaganda ploy. Is it any wonder that other countries refer to the U.S. as the “Great Satan.” Only the devil would dream up a scheme where a country would be tortured, pay for it and be convinced it is for its best interest. Now that the country is convinced of the necessity of the tortures and the necessity of paying for it, it will be carried to the bloody end.

In 1969 a man was taken to prison and sentenced for horrifyingly brutal crimes. As he spoke in his own behalf near the trial’s end, he may have been the prophet of what is coming. He said, “These children that come at you with knives, they are your children. You taught them. I didn’t teach them. I just tried to help them stand up.

“Most of the people at the ranch that you call the Family were just people that you did not want, people that were alongside the road that their parents had kicked out, that did not go to Juvenile Hall. So I did the best I could and I took them up on my garbage dump and I told them this: that in love there is no wrong….

“You did not give them warmth you gave them death, I am only what lives inside each and every one of you….

“What about your children? . . . You say there are just a few? There are many, many more, coming in the same direction. They are running in the streets – and they are coming right at you!” Charles Manson. Helter Skelter, Vincent Bugliosi.

There is the possibility that the Attorney General, Robert Horan may ask for the death penalty for Mir Aimal Kansi. If he does and Clinton’s quote is fulfilled which says, “Somehow we all end up paying for what we do”, then he may be committing to death the country and its clandestine agencies for what they do. Would it not seem fair that the perpetrators of a crime should receive the same penalty as those striking back in retaliation? Are the actions of Mir Aimal Kansi only the beginning of the mountain of crimes that will roll back upon a government that sanctions such criminal activity and then pursues with relentless fury those who retaliate? While it is not the opinion of the author that one wrong sets right the actions of another wrong, or that violence calls for violence in retaliation, the cause and effect relationship is there just the same. Not all the people can be fooled (mind-controlled) all the time.

It seems that the mind control the CIA has so freely exercised upon the world has rebounded into its own operation. They have been brain-washed into believing that the “Company” now operates with integrity and honesty. Or have they? Is this just another set-up to convince the rest of us of CIA integrity? If the world swallows the lie and believes in the honesty and integrity of this agency, then the years of mind control methods they have used have been very successful.

“And it seems to me perfectly in the cards that there will be within the next generation or so a pharmacological method of making people love their servitude, and producing . . . a kind of painless concentration camp for entire societies, so that people will in fact have their liberties taken away from them but will rather enjoy it, because they will be distracted from any desire to rebel by propaganda, brainwashing, or brainwashing enhanced by pharmacological methods.” Aldux Huxley, 1959.

As a wise Observer said years ago, “Whatsoever a man sows that shall he also reap.”

Written 6/25/97

Sources:

Acid Dreams, Martin Lee and Bruce Schlain, Grove Press

CIA Home Page on the Internet for CIA Vision, Mission and Values

Helter Skelter, Vincent Bugliosi, New York

Inside the Company, Philip Agee, Bantam Books

Journey Into Madness, Gordon Thomas, Bantam Books

Plain Speaking: An Oral Biography of Harry S. Truman, Merle Miller, New York

Spying for America, Nathan Miller, Dell Publishing

The 60 Greatest Conspiracies of All Time, Jonathan Vankin and John Whalen, Citadel Press

The Big Book of Conspiracies, Doug Moench, Paradox Press

The Mind Manipulators, Alan W. Scheflin & Edward M. Opton Jr. Paddington Press

http://web.archive.org/web/20090224215644/http://www.angelfire.com/or/mctrl/bastion.html

9 Sep 99 – 2 Dec 08

Background on the Aviary

( Article in 1995, Nexus Magazine, Australia )

I received an email from Filip Coppen, the editor of Frontier 2000, an altertive magazine in Belgium, that he was doing an article on the Crystal Skulls and asked if I was interested to participate(last year, April, 1995). He told me he was molding his article after one published by NEXUS magazine, out of Australia. I asked Filip to send me a copy of this article and discovered that I had been quoted about the crystal skulls. So I had an interest to learn more about the publication.

Later in the summer, the editor of NEXUS, Duncan Roads, was visiting near where we lived in Chicago so I had a chance to speak to him on the phone. Duncan is very dedicated to sharing information about the Global Transformation and events happening behind the scenes. Next, while we were participating at the Festival for Body-Mind-Spirit with a booth about our trips to Peru and Crystal Skulls (our friend Joke brought two of her crystal skulls with), Duncan also had a booth, so we finally had a chance to meet. I found Duncan a very dedicated research and easy to talk to as well as being very thorough in his investigations. So I thought it would be good for our readers to read an article published in NEXUS, sent to the SNET mailing list that gives more background about the Aviary that Richard Boylan is discussing.

The Aviary

An Article by Nexus

The following information is shared with permission from NEXUS Magazine. For inquiries and subscription information, contact NEXUS in the U.S. at (815)-253-6300, in Australia at +61-74-429-381, in Europe at +31-513-35567. NEXUS recognizes that humanity is undergoing a massive transformation. With this in mind, NEXUS seeks to provide “hard-to-get” information, so as to assist people through these changes. NEXUS is not linked to any religious, philosophical, or political ideology or organization. Editor: Duncan M. Roads.

The weapons of tomorrow will not only be aimed at hitting your body… they will also be aimed at your mind.

By Armen Victorian

PSYCHIC WARFARE & NON-LETHAL WEAPONS

On April 22, 1993, both BBC1 and BBC2 showed on their main evening news bulletins a rather lengthy piece concerning America’s latest development in weaponry–the non-lethal weapons concept. David Shukman, BBC Defence Correspondent, interviewed (Retired) US Army Colonel John B. Alexander and Janet Morris, two of the main proponents of the concept. The concept of non-lethal Weapons is not new. Non-lethal weapons have been used by the intelligence, police and defense establishments in the past. Several western governments have used a variety of non-lethal weapons in a more discreet and covert manner. It seems that the US government is about to take the first step towards their open use.

The current interest in the concept of non-lethal weapons began about a decade ago with John Alexander. In December 1980 he published an article in the US Army’s journal, Military Review, “The New Mental Battlefield”, referring to claims that telepathy could be used to interfere with the brain’s electrical activity. This caught the attention of senior Army generals who encouraged him to pursue what they termed “soft option kill” technologies.

After retiring from the Army in 1988, Alexander joined the Los Alamos National Laboratories and began working with Janet Morris, the Research Director of the US Global Strategy Council (USGSC), chaired by Dr Ray Cline, former Deputy Director of the CIA. I examine the background of Janet Morris and John Alexander in more detail below.

Throughout 1990 the USGSC lobbied the main national laboratories, major defence contractors and industries, retired senior military and intelligence officers. The result was the creation of a Non-lethality Policy Review Group, led by Major General Chris S. Adams, USAF (retired), former Chief of Staff. Strategic Air Command. They already have the support of Senator Sam Nunn, chair of the Senate Armed Services Committee. According to Janet Morris, the military attache at the Russian Embassy has contacted USGSC about the possibility of converting military hardware to a non-lethal capability.

In 1991 Janet Morris issued a number of papers giving more detailed information about USGSC’s concept of non-lethal weapons. Shortly after, the US Army Training and Doctrine Command at Fort Monroe, VA, published a detailed draft report on the subject, titled “Operations Concept for Disabling Measures”. The report included over twenty projects in which John Alexander is currently involved at the Los Alamos National Laboratories.

In a memorandum dated April 10, 1991, titled “Do we need a Non-lethal Defense Initiative?”, Paul Wolfwitz, Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, wrote to Defense Secretary Dick Cheney, “A US lead in non-lethal technologies will increase our options and reinforce our position in the post-Cold War world. Our Research and Development efforts must be increased.” HOW LETHAL IS NON-LETHAL?

To support their non-lethal weapons concept, Janet Morris argues that while “war will always be terrible…, a world power deserving its reputation for humane action should pioneer the principles of non-lethal defense.” In “Defining a non-lethal strategy”, she seeks to establish a doctrine for the use of non-lethal weapons by the US in crisis “at home or abroad in a life serving fashion.” She totally disregards the offensive, lethal aspects inherent in some of the weapons in question, or their misuse, should they become available to ‘rogue’ nations. Despite her arguments that non-lethal weapons should serve thc US’s interests “at home and abroad by projecting power without indiscriminately taking lives or destroying property,” she admits that “casualties cannot be avoided.”

Closer examination of the types of weapons to be used as non-lethal invalidates her assertions about their non-lethality. According to her white paper, the areas where non-lethal weapons could be useful are “regional and low intensity conflict (adventurism, insurgency, ethnic violence, terrorism, narco-trafficking, domestic crime).” She believes that “by identifying and requiring a new category of non-lethal weapons, tactics and strategic planning” the US can reshape its military capability “to meet the already identifiable threats” that they might face in a multipolar world “where American interests are globalized and American presence widespread.”

THE POTENTIAL INVENTORY

Janet Morris’ White Paper recommends “two types of life-conserving technologies”:

Anti-materiel non-lethal technologies:

To destroy or impair electronics, or in other ways stop mechanical systems from functioning. Amongst current technologies from which this category of non-lethal weapons would or could be chosen are:

Chemical and biological weapons for their anti-materiel agents “which do not significantly endanger life or the environment, or anti-personnel agents which have no permanent effects.”

Laser blinding systems to incapacitate the electronic sensors, or optics, i.e., light detection and ranging. Already the Army Infantry School is developing a one-man portable and operated laser weapons system known as the Infantry Self-Defense System. The US Army’s Armament Research, Development and Engineering Centre (ARDEC) is also engaged in the development of non-lethal weapons under their programme called “Low Collateral Damage Munitions” (LCDM). The LCDM is trying to develop technologies leading to weapons capable of dazzling and incapacitating missiles, armoured vehicles and personnel.

Non-lethal electromagnetic technologies.

Non- nuclear electromagnetic pulse weapons. Non- As General Norman Schwarzkopf has told the US Joint Chiefs of Staff, one such weapon stationed in space with a wide-area-pulse capacity has the ability to fry enemy electronics. But what would be the fate of enemy personnel in such a scenario? In a joint project with the Los Alamos National Laboratories and with technical support from the Army’s Harry Diamond Laboratories, ARDEC are developing High Power Microwave (HPM) Projectiles. According to ARDEC, the Diamond lab has already “completed a radio frequency effects analysis on a representative target set” for HPM.

Among the chemical agents, so-called supercaustics–”millions of times more caustic than hydrofluoric acid”–are prime candidates. An artillery round could deliver jellied super-acids which could destroy the optics of heavily armoured vehicles or tanks, vision blocks or glass, and “could be used to silently destroy key weapons systems.”

On less lethal aspects, the use of net-like entanglements for SEAL teams, or ‘stealthy’ metal boats with low or no radar signature, “for night actions, or any sea borne or come-ashore stealthy scenario”, are under consideration. More colorful concepts are the use of chemical metal embrittlement often called liquid metal embrittlement and anti-materiel polymers which would be used in aerosol dispersal systems, spreading chemical adhesives or lubricants (i.e., based lubricants) on enemy equipment from a distance.

Anti-personnel non-lethal technologies:

Hand-held lasers which are meant “to dazzle”, could also cause the eyeball to explode and to blind the target.

Isotropic radiators–explosively driven munitions, capable of generating very bright omnidirectional light, with similar effects to laser guns.

High-power microwaves (HPM). US Special Operations Command already has that capability within their grasp as a portable microwave weapon. As Myron L. Wolbarsht, a Duke University opthalamist and expert in laser weapons, stated: “US Special Forces can quietly cut enemy communications but also can cook internal organs.”

Another candidate is infrasound-acoustic beams. In conjunction with the Scientific Applications and Research Associates (SARA) of Huntingdon, California, ARDEC and Los Alamos laboratories are busy “developing high power, very low frequency acoustic beam weapons.” They are also looking into methods of projecting non-diffracting (i.e., non-penetrating) high frequency acoustic bullets. ARDEC scientists are also looking into methods of using pulsed chemical lasers. This class of lasers could project “a hot, high pressure plasma in the air in front of a target surface, creating a blast wave that will result in variable but controlled effects on materiel and personnel.”

Infrasound. Already some governments have used it as a means of crowd control, e.g., France.

Very low frequency (VLF) sound (20-35 kHz), or low-frequency RF modulations can cause nausea, vomiting and abdominal pains. “Some very low frequency sound generators, in certain frequency ranges, can cause the disruption of human organs and, at high power levels, can crumble masonry.” The CIA had a similar programme in 1978 called Operation Pique, which included bouncing radio or microwave signals off the ionosphere to affect mental functions of people in selected areas, including Eastern European nuclear installations.

JOHN ALEXANDER

The entire non-lethal weapons concept opens up a new Pandora’s Box of unknown consequences. The main personality behind it is retired Colonel John B. Alexander. Born in New York in 1937, he spent part of his career as a Commander of Green Berets Special Forces in Vietnam, led Cambodian mercenaries behind enemy lines, and took part in a number of clandestine programmes, including Phoenix.

He currently holds the post of Director of Non-lethal Programs in the Los Alamos National Laboratories.

Alexander obtained a BSc. from the University of Nebraska and an MA from Pepperdine University. In 1980 he was awarded a PhD from Walden University for his thesis “To determine whether or not significant changes in spirituality occur in persons who attended a Kubler-Ross life/death transition workshop during the period June through February 1979.” His dissertation committee was chaired by Elizabeth Kubler-Ross.

He has long been interested in what used to be regarded as ‘fringe’ areas. In 1971, while a Captain in the infantry at Schofield Barracks, Honolulu, he was diving in the Bimini Islands looking for the lost continent of Atlantis. He was an official representative for the Silva mind control organization and a lecturer on Precataclysmic Civilisations. Alexander is also a past President and a board member of the International Association for Near Death Studies; and, with his former wife, Jan Northup, he helped Dr C. B. Scott Jones perform ESP experiments with dolphins.

PSI-TECH

Retired Major General Albert N. Stubblebine (former Director of US Army Intelligence and Security Command) and Alexander are on the board of a ‘remote viewing’ company called PSI-TECH.

The company also employs Major Edward Dames (ex Defence Intelligence Agency), Major David Morehouse (ex 82nd Airborne Division), and Ron Blackburn (former microwave scientist and specialist at Kirkland Air Force Base). PSI-TECH has received several government contracts. For example, during the Gulf War crisis the Department of Defense asked it to use remote viewing to locate Saddam’s Scud missiles sites. Last year (1992) the FBI sought PSl-TECH’s assistance to locate a kidnapped Exxon executive.

With Major Richard Groller and Janet Morris as his co-authors, Alexander published “The Warrior’s Edge” in 1990. The book describes in detail various unconventional methods which would enable the practitioner to acquire “human excellence and optimum performance” and thereby become an invincible warrior. The purpose of the book is “to unlock the door to the extraordinary human potentials inherent in each of us. To do this, we, like governments around the world, must take a fresh look at non-traditional methods of affecting reality. We must raise human consciousness of the potential power of the individual body/mind system–the power to manipulate reality.

We must be willing to retake control of our past, present, and ultimately, our future.

Alexander is a friend of Vice President Al Gore Jnr, their relationship dating back to 1983 when Gore was in Alexander’s Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) course.

NLP “presented to selected general officers and senior executive service members” a set of techniques to modify behaviour patterns. Among the first generals to take the course was the then Lieutenant General Maxwell Thurman, who later went on to receive his fourth star and become Vice-Chief of Staff of the Army and Commander Southern Command. Among other senior participants were Tom Downey and Major General Stubblebine, former Director of the Army Intelligence Security Command.

“In 1983, the Jedi master [from the Star Wars movie--author] provided an image and a name for the Jedi Project.” Jedi Project’s aim was to seek and “construct teachable models of behavioural/physical excellence using unconventional means.” According to Alexander, the Jedi Project was to be a follow-up to Neuro-Linguistic Programming skills. By using the influence of friends such as Major General Stubblebine, who was then head of the US Army Intelligence and Security Command, he managed to fund Jedi. In reality the concept was old hat, re-christened by Alexander. The original idea, which was to show how “human will-power and human concentration affect performance more than any other single factor” using NLW skills, was the brainchild of three independent people; Fritz Erikson, a Gestalt therapist, Virginia Satir, a family therapist, and Erick Erickson, a hypnotist.

JANET MORRIS

Janet Morris, co-author of The Warrior’s Edge, is best known as a science fiction writer but has been a member of the New York Academy of Sciences since 1980 and is a member of the Association for Electronic Defense. She is also the Research Director of the US Global Strategy Council (USGSC). She was initiated into the Japanese art of bioenergetics, Joh-re, the Indonesian brotherhood of Subud, and graduated from the Silva course in advanced mind control.

She has been conducting remote-viewing experiments for fifteen years. She worked on a research project investigating the effects of mind on probability in computer systems. Her husband, Robert Morris, is a former judge and key member of the American Security Council.

In a recent telephone conversation with the author, Janet Morris confirmed John Alexander’s involvement in mind control and psychotronic projects in the Los Alamos National Laboratories. Alexander and his team have recently been working with Dr Igor Smirnov, a psychologist from the Moscow Institute of Psychocorrelations. They were invited to the US after Janet Morris’ visit to Russia in 1991. There she was shown the technique which was pioneered by the Russian Department of Psycho-Correction at Moscow Medical Academy. The Russians employ a technique to electronically analyze the human mind in order to influence it. They input subliminal command messages, using key words transmitted in ‘white noise’ or music. Using an infrasound very low frequency-type transmission, the acoustic psycho-correction message is transmitted via bone conduction–ear plugs would not restrict the message. To do that would require an entire body protection system. According to the Russians the subliminal messages bypass the conscious level and are effective almost immediately.

C. B. SCOTT JONES

Jones is the former assistant to Senator Clairborne Pell (Democrat, Rhode Island). Scott Jones was a member of US Naval Intelligence for 15 years, as well as Assistant Naval Attache, New Delhi, India, in the 1960s. Jones has briefed the President’s Scientific Advisory Committee, and has testified before House and Senate Committees on intelligence matters. After the Navy he “worked in the private sector research and development community involved in the US government-sponsored projects for the Defense Nuclear Agency (DNA), Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) and US Army Intelligence and Security Command.” He has been head of the Rockefeller Foundation for some time and chairs the American Society for Psychical Research.

BIRDS OF A FEATHER

Alexander and C. B. Jones are members of the AVIARY, a group of intelligence and Department of Defense officers and scientists with a brief to discredit any serious research in the UFO field. Each member of the Aviary bears a bird’s name. Jones is FALCON; John Alexander is PENGUIN.

One of their agents, a UFO researcher known as William Moore, who was introduced to John Alexander at a party in 1987 by Scott Jones, confessed in front of an audience at a conference held by the Mutual UFO Network (MUFON) on July 1, 1989 in Las Vegas, how he was promised inside information by the senior members of the AVIARY in return for his obedience and service to them. He participated in the propagation and dissemination of disinformation fed to him by various members of the AVIARY.

He also confessed how he was instructed to target one particular individual, an electronics expert, Dr Paul Bennewitz, who had accumulated some UFO film footage and electronic signals which were taking place in 1980 over the Menzano Weapons Storage areas at Kirkland Air Force Base, New Mexico.

As a result of Moore’s involvement, coupled with some surreptitious entries and psychological techniques, Bennewitz ended up in a psychiatric hospital.

Just before the publication of my first paper unmasking two members of the AVIARY, I was visited by two of their members (MORNING DOVE and HAWK) who had travelled to the UK with a message from the senior ranks advising me not to go ahead with my expose. I rejected the proposal.

Immediately after the publication of that paper, and with the full knowledge that myself and a handful of colleagues knew the true identities of their members, John B. Alexander confessed that he was indeed a member of the AVIARY, nicknamed PENGUIN. The accuracy of our information was further confirmed to me by yet another member of the AVIARY–Ron Pandolphi, PELICAN.

Pandolphi is a PhD in physics and works at the Rocket and Missile section of the Office of the Deputy Director of Science and Technology, CIA.

In his book, Out There, the New York Times journalist Howard Blum refers to “a UFO Working Group” within the Defense Intelligence Agency. Despite DIA’s repeated denials, the existence of this working group has been confirmed to me by more than one member of the group itself, including an independent source in the Office of Naval Intelligence. The majority of the group’s members are senior members of the AVIARY: Dr Christopher Green (BLUEJAY) from the CIA, Harold Puthoff (OWL), ex-NSA; Dr Jack Verona (RAVEN), DoD, one of the initiators of the DlA’s Sleeping Beauty project which aimed to achieve battlefield superiority using mind-altering electromagnetic weaponry; John Alexander (PENGUIN); and Ron Pandnlphi (PELICAN).

The mysterious “Col. Harold E. Phillips” who appears in Blum’s Out There, is none other than John B. Alexander.

John Alexander’s position as the Program Manager for Contingency Missions of Conventional Defense Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratories, enabled him to exploit the Department of Defense’s Project Reliance “which encourages a search for all possible sources of existing and incipient technologies before developing new technology in-house” to tap into a wide range of exotic topics, sometimes using defense contractors, e.g., McDonnell Douglas Aerospace. I have several reports, some of which were compiled before his departure to the Los Alamos National Laboratories when he was with Army Intelligence, which show Alexander’s keen interest in any and every exotic subject–UFOs, ESP, psychotronics, anti- gravity devices, near-death experiments, psychology warfare and non-lethal weaponry.

John Alexander utilises the bank of information he has accumulated to try to develop psychotronic, psychological and mind weaponry. He began thinking about non-lethal weapons a decade ago in his paper, “The New Mental Battlefield”. He seems to want to become a ‘Master’.

If they ever succeed in this ambition, the rest of us ordinary mortals had better watch out.

http://web.archive.org/web/20081202170736/http://www.angelfire.com/or/mctrl/aviary.html

Scientists have designed a brain implant that restored lost memory function and strengthened recall of new information in laboratory rats — a crucial first step in the development of so-called neuroprosthetic devices to repair deficits from dementia, stroke and other brain injuries in humans.

Though still a long way from being tested in humans, the implant demonstrates for the first time that a cognitive function can be improved with a device that mimics the firing patterns of neurons. In recent years neuroscientists have developed implants that allow paralyzed people to move prosthetic limbs or a computer cursor, using their thoughts to activate the machines. In the new work, being published Friday, researchers at Wake Forest University and the University of Southern California used some of the same techniques to read neural activity. But they translated those signals internally, to improve brain function rather than to activate outside appendages.

“It’s technically very impressive to pull something like this off, given our current level of technology,” said Daryl Kipke, a professor of bioengineering at the University of Michigan who was not involved in the experiment. “We are just scratching the surface when it comes to interacting with the brain, but this experiment shows what’s possible and the great potential of interacting with the brain in this way.”

In a series of experiments, scientists at Wake Forest led by Sam A. Deadwyler trained rats to remember which of two identical levers to press to receive water; the animals first saw one of the two levers appear and then (after being distracted) had to remember to press the other lever to be rewarded. Repeated training on this task teaches rats the general rule, but in each trial the animal has to remember which lever appeared first, to inform the later choice.

The rats were implanted with a tiny array of electrodes, which threaded from the top of the head down into two neighboring pieces of the hippocampus, a structure that is crucial for forming these new memories, in rats as in humans. The two slivers of tissue, called CA1 and CA3, communicate with each other as the brain learns and stores new information. The device transmits these exchanges to a computer.

To test the effect of the implant, the researchers used a drug to shut down the activity of CA1. Without CA1 online, the rats could not remember which lever to push to get water. They remembered the rule — push the opposite lever of the one that first appeared — but not which they had seen first.

The researchers, having recorded the appropriate signal from CA1, simply replayed it, like a melody on a player piano — and the animals remembered. The implant acted as if it were CA1, at least for this one task.

“Turn the switch on, the animal has the memory; turn it off and they don’t: that’s exactly how it worked,” said Theodore W. Berger, a professor of engineering at U.S.C. and the lead author of the study, being published in The Journal of Neural Engineering. His co-authors were Robert E. Hampson and Anushka Goonawardena, along with Dr. Deadwyler, of Wake Forest, and Dong Song and Vasilis Z. Marmarelis of U.S.C.

In rats that did not receive the drug, new memories faded by about 40 percent after a long distraction period. But if the researchers amplified the corresponding CA1 signals using the implant, the memories eroded only about 10 percent in that time.

The authors said that with wireless technology and computer chips, the system could be easily fitted for human use. But there are a number of technical and theoretical obstacles. For one, the implant must first record a memory trace before playing it back or amplifying it; in patients with significant memory problems, those signals may be too weak. In addition, human memory is a rich, diverse neural process that involves many other brain areas, not just CA3 and CA1; implants in this area will be limited.

Still, some restored memories — Where is the bathroom? Where are the pots and pans stored? — could make a big difference in the lives of someone with dementia. “If you’re caring for someone in the house, for example,” Dr. Berger said, “it might be enough to keep the person out of the nursing home.”

An article on Friday about a brain implant that improved lost memory function in laboratory rats misidentified the journal in which the research was published. It is The Journal of Neural Engineering , not The Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation.

http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/17/science/17memory.html?pagewanted=print

Physicist. Founding director of the Physics/Consciousness Research Group, president, Internet Science Education Project.

Sarfatti Group, PO Box 26548, San Francisco, CA 94126

sarfatti@well.com

As a child in 1952, Sarfatti claims to have received phone calls from the mechanical voice of a conscious computer aboard a spaceship, recruiting him along with 400 others for some special project. These calls have simularities to the mechanical voice which talked to Andrijah Puharich via his tape recorder. Sarfatti was later associated with Puharich.

Director of a physics program at the Esalen Institute. He’s been funded by Werner Erhard and Jean Lanier, a friend of Laurance Rockefeller. (Sarfatti, Jack, “The Parsifal Effect”, The Destiny Matrix) Sarfatti met with Puharich, Uri Geller, and Ira Einhorn at Puharich’s Ossining ranch. Einhorn acted as a literary agent for Sarfatti, and brought him to Esalen.

(Sarfatti, Jack, “In the Thick of It”)

“I was then simply a young inexperienced naive ‘useful idiot’ in a very very sophisticated and successful covert psychological warfare operation run by the late Brendan O Regan of the Institute of Noetic Sciences and the late Harold Chipman who was the CIA station chief responsible for all mind-control research in the Bay Area in the 70′s. Chipman (aka “Orwell”) funded me openly for awhile in 1985 when he was allegedly no longer in the CIA, and covertly before that, and told me much of the story. In fact, he even introduced me to a beautiful woman adventurer-agent who was one of his RV subjects who later became my live-in ‘significant other’”

(Sarfatti, Jack, “Quantum Quackers”)

Some of the topics Sarfatti has researched (and are documented on his website) include quantum physics, remote-viewing, reverse causality (i.e. time travel), and exotic propulsion systems.

Author of:

“The Case for Superluminal Information Transfer”, MIT Technology Review, vol 79, #5, 1977, pg 3

“The Physical Roots of Consciousness”, in Mishlove, J, The Roots of Consciousness, Random House, 1975, pp 279

“Reply to Bohm-Hiley”, Psychoenergetic Systems, Gordon & Breach, 2, 1976, pg 1-8

You are in the Doc Hambone Web. The above is not an official home or personal page of the individual or organization described.

http://blockyourid.com/~gbpprorg/mil/mindcontrol/hambone/sarfatti.html