Human Sensitivities To Electrical and Electromagnetic Fields: Details and Research About Health Perils & Promises

Brief Summaries Of Possible Interacting Mechanisms

Introduction:  It is concluded that many mechanisms, known and unknown, must interact in life processes to support the ultra-sensitive electrical and electromagnetic field (EF and EMF) detection and broadcast capabilities of all living creatures.  When some of the mechanisms that maintain body balance (homeostasis) are overloaded by long-term EF and EMF exposures, it seems that various health problems occur with a multitude of symptoms that often defy conventional solutions.

With the present and growing state of new knowledge in this complex area, there is much confusion and controversy generated by industry, government, research approaches and the communication media, all of whom, understandably,  have large investments in facilities and equipment which generate, transmit, and utilize electric and electromagnetic power.   For those of you who are concerned about your long-term health, this document presents information, which may be useful in determination, of what changes may be necessary in  your life style and how to practice reduction and/or  ‘prudent avoidance’ of known EF and EMF sources.

This is a basic document that tries to summarize how life processes may have originated in the EF and EMF environments of prehistoric and pre-life earth.  Some discussion is presented about the extraordinary EF & EMF receiving and broadcast capabilities of many creatures in all the different categories from microorganisms to mammals.  This information provides perspective to support and clarify why humans also have sensitivities to EF and EMF that can be used to heal (electrotherapies) or harm (uncontrolled long term exposure).

Please note that there is still very little human perspective/awareness anywhere about  our LONG-TERM relationship with the earth and all other living things.  We are a product of our natural earth environment and respond to some subtle degree (and sometimes not so subtle!) to the same geoelectromagnetic and atmospheric factors which affect all other  living things.  We can, and are, affecting the balance of Nature, which in the long-term will affect us….it’s called feedback!

Brief summaries are provided here regarding the more obvious mechanisms, the detection and transmission capabilities of living systems and the reported health effects and ailments which occur.  Those who wish more details can review the references provided herein, or contact the author.

Background:  Liquid Crystals (LCs) are basic to life processes and sensory mechanisms [1].  With some of the orderliness of crystalline solids and some of the freedom enjoyed by molecules in a liquid, liquid crystals are important for biology (they form the membranes around the cells in our bodies), and probably play a large part in our memory and all our known sensory receptions of light, sound, temperature, pressure (touch), odors and taste.  Artificial and refined LCs have become everyday items in our lives because of their advantages in flat-plate LC television and computer displays (EF and EMF sensitivity), detection of temperature, pressure and chemical changes, and, recently, high-density molecular data memory storage devices (3 billion bits per square inch) [2].  The lipid molecules of biological membranes exist in an LC state and provide a matrix for membrane proteins to perform their function.  Not only lipids, but other major classes of compounds (proteins, carbohydrates and nucleic acids) exist in LC phases under well-defined conditions.  Therefore, it is very important to know the properties of LC materials in order to better understand EF and EMF-related biological processes [3].

The paired planetary resonator and wave interaction hypotheses [4-7] may be key determinants of biological structure (EMF fields intensities and changes acting as an ‘information field’)  These seem to offer detailed and useful explanations about origination of liquid crystal and electric and electromagnetic field relationships  These are the two unique complementary hypotheses proposing the evolution of an ultra-sensitive protein (LC) transmitting and receiving biological communications mechanism reacting to static (direct current) and time-varying (alternating current) fields.  The intense electrical and magnetic fields of Precambrian earth may have supplied the intense energies required as environmental factors and the catalytic sources for the beginning and evolution of living systems [8, 9].

The integrated mechanisms model [10] could explain many of the variable research results.  Weak EMFs that produced localized changes in charge density could alter the conditions required for liquid crystal conditions, and consequently produce small changes within the viable limits of the system.  Changes in phospholipid membrane properties or variations of specific cations, e.g., Na+ (sodium), K+ (potassium), Ca++ (calcium), known to be controlled by membrane properties have been frequently reported in ELF research.  Rhythmicities in heart cells are intrinsically related to lipid levels.  Lipid solvents, which change membrane selectivities to the ionic milieu, are important anesthetics and toxicants.  The membrane selectivity  may be what is affected by the electroanesthetic/electrosleep process [11]. The reported intense attraction of peripheral nerves to magnetic fields also seems dependent upon lipid structure.

Biogenic magnetite [12-15], molecular magnets found in all living creatures, seems to play a most important part.  Analysis suggests that individual crystals of magnetite could contribute enough mechanical energy to activate trans-membrane ion channels.

LC properties in living systems may provide the basic support for several of the background mechanisms proposed to explain the biosystem effects of natural and artificial EMFs.  In this case the LCs in their various biosystem forms may react to amplify unusual internal or external energy inputs, transmitting their sensing reactions to stimulate other systems, e.g., immune system response, melatonin production, various symptoms, etc..  Biogenic magnetite is found primarily in the brain and highly enervated ethmoid sinus area in humans.  It is also found in specific brain areas of insects, fish, birds and mammals, and more concentrated in the brains of migratory creatures which must get their cues from geomagnetic variations and patterns [16-20].

Since biogenic magnetite seems to be everywhere in the environment, internally and externally, it may have played a basic role in the initial development of living systems and various sensing mechanisms.  There is much evidence that biological forms follow the energy patterns laid down by the waveforms of the environment.  Electromagnetic vibration can rearrange molecules and macro-molecules into patterned forms (sound, RF, microwave, heat, light, etc.)  Lissajou or Chladni figures produced in liquid and solids, appear as structural biological patterns in simple organisms (diatoms, for example) [6].

Induced electric currents (eddy currents) mechanism: [21]  During the past decade, a number of reports indicated that the mammalian pineal gland is magnetosensitive in terms of spatial orientation.  This indication is based on observations that artificial alterations of the direction of the earth’s magnetic field (MF) markedly decreased the gland’s capability to synthesize melatonin.  It was shown that magnetic field exposure itself did not affect the pineal.  Rather, induced eddy

currents in the animals, resulting from rapid On/Off switching transients of the artificially applied MF, affect the pineal gland either directly, or, more likely, indirectly, via an action on the neural input.  The eddy current mechanism is most likely the explanation.

Every rapid change of a MF produces an electric field.  Depending on the tissue exposed to such a field, an appropriate eddy current occurs, depending on the tissue’s conductivity.  Hence, if an animal is exposed to a rapidly changing MF, an induced eddy current occurs that may affect the nervous system.  This conclusion is supported by the observation that a nerve’s synaptic transmission is affected by exposure to electric fields.

The above mechanism may interact with biogenic magnetite and other metal ions in biosensor tissues and fluids, perhaps combining with other mechanisms mentioned herein, thus stimulating various liquid crystal and cellular responses to the information perceived.

Non-Linear Mechanisms [22] research indicates that low-intensity, nonlinear, extremely low frequencies (ELF) and low intensity ELF pulse-modulated fields influence various physiological and behavioral processes in cells, tissue, animals, and humans [23-35].  Major shifts in calcium efflux occur with fields that produce very small gradients in the extracellular space (interstitial fluids) surrounding cell membranes [36].  The extracellular fields are far below transmembrane gradients associated with a typical synaptic depolarization.  This implies that cells can act as sensitive detectors of ELF signals.  This apparent capability has led to specific alteration of cell function, including hormone and insulin decrease, accelerated wound healing and bone growth, interference with nerve conduction, entrainment of cell transcription processes, and alteration of brain chemistry.

The effects range from alteration of the firing rates of neurons in the brain, calcium-ion binding disruption on cell surfaces in the brain, to response time…[and] respiration rate changes, and even putting an animal to sleep…[and] spectral components in the kHz range appear to cause effects selectively in bone tissue.

Behavioral modification in animals [10] as the result of weak (as low as 10 microwatts/cm2) microwaves include induction of grooming responses, altered heart and respiration rates, epileptiform seizures, and various others.  The lower the power, the more immediate the effect [23, 24], provided an effect was present (Is there a homeopathy tie-in here?).  Also noted is an adaptivity to the signals.  The greatest response occurs on first exposure; repeated exposures yield a decreasing effect.  It was reported at the May 1993 meeting of the American Geophysical Union (discussed in Science 260:1590) that three epilepsy patients demonstrated bursts of epileptic brain activity a few seconds after being exposed to a moderate EMF a bit weaker than that of a household appliance.  Note: references 23, 24 and 67 are also relevant here.

We have demonstrated that Mast cells in the brain can be degranulated in rats, dumping  stores of histamine, heparin, and other substances into the brain [10, 37].

It has been repeatedly demonstrated that cells can sense the EMF environment and respond to three orders of magnitude lower than self-generated fields.  The dielectric behavior [6, 9, 38] of biosystems in conjunction with nonlinear excitation can give rise to solitary, nondispersive ‘soliton’ waves [22,39,40].  More than 90% of living matter consists of polar molecules of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, and water.  Depending on microscopic properties, the energy supply may either make a system hot or result in a new type of order.

These observations [22, 36, 41-43, 69] indicate that investigation of nonlinear molecular information transfer processes may provide a fundamental quantum mechanical model of the life process itself as well as the fantastic data storage/retrieval and holographic nature of mind [69] and memory [2]!

Combined self-organized macroscopic and microscopic mechanisms [44] present a unique combination of mechanisms to deal with both the energetic and the informational aspects occurring during biological EMF coupling.  The simulation results demonstrated EMF response patterns showing dependencies on:

a. The field frequency, in a nonlinear, resonance-like fashion (‘frequency windows’.)

b. The field amplitude, in a nonlinear, resonance-like fashion (‘amplitude windows’.)

c. The combination of appropriate static (DC) and time-varying (AC) fields.

d. The internal biodynamical state of the field-exposed system.

e. The system’s capacity for high-gain amplifications of initially small microphysical field effects.

f. The system’s capacity to stabilize and maintain field effects in the presence of

relatively large incoherent (noise) perturbations.

The model predicted that amplitude and frequency-dependent resonances and the other complex dynamical behaviors may result from primary field interactions in combination with self-organized biochemical states.

It was suggested that neither thermodynamic/energetic concepts nor bioinformational concepts alone would lead to realistic models of EMF biological interactions; only approaches capable of integrating energetic and informational mechanisms.

One can see from the above brief summaries that the various interacting biological mechanisms, known and unknown, at different levels, can be affected by a large number of factors relating to time, environment, health, stress, and diet.

Biosystem Effects Associated With EMFs

Geoelectromagnetic signal information may play a survival role in: [45-47] navigation, migration/location/orientation, and biological rhythms.  There is also anticipation and detection of subtle or catastrophic changes in seasonal variations, weather, hurricane/tornado, and earthquakes.

How much of this information do we humans use or react to unconsciously in our daily life and how much is trainable latent talent?  Consider the excellent sensitivities of the Australian aborigines and martial arts masters.  As understanding increases about our long-term health dependence on natural and artificial EMF factors, our environmental awareness will be increased (on several levels!).

Trends indicate, in insect, fish, bird, primates and human research that continual long-term exposure to EMF pulse rates, intensities and waveforms in specific ranges, may produce behavioral, physiological, and psychological reactions in the living systems exposed  [25, 45, 46, 48-57].

EMF signal information between biosystems [45, 47] includes detection/avoidance  of predators, self-protection, communication, detection/attraction of food and mates and establishing territory.

Discussion.  Research to date, primarily on aquatic lower vertebrates, clearly indicates that these animals can sense very weak electric fields.  So far, this ability has been found in many marine and freshwater fish, several amphibian species; and the platypus.  Sharks and rays are most sensitive to frequencies below 50 Hz and stimuli to 1 microvolt per centimeter.  Many electric fish emit signal pulses of a broad range of frequencies or in continuous waves of constant frequency depending on species.  The discharge of an electric eel can be in excess of 600 volts.  Studies of “specialists” such as electric fish will continue to provide insight fundamental to understanding the more complex nervous systems of higher animals, and finally, humans.

Human Reactions To EMFs

It has long been established (30+ years) that controlled specific pulse-type (sharp rise time or square-wave) waveforms and various  frequencies can be used for:

a. Electrotherapies [25-27, 58, 59] — allergy suppression, pain suppression, bone healing and addiction treatment.

b. Electrosleep/electroanesthesia [11] — insomnia & ulcer treatment and surgical interventions.

c. Prosthetics [40, 60, 61] — noninvasive, wearable, heart pacemakers and artificial, noncontact visual and audio brain inputs (without light or sound).

Discussion.  Known EMF factors used in medical applications on humans utilize the whole spectrum of EMF energies and pulses from direct current. to ionizing radiation, involving various combinations of frequency, waveforms, intensity, rise/fall time, temporal gradients, pulse rates, polarization, etc.  These are already providing invaluable inputs for medical and psychological diagnoses and applications.

Unknown time-varying EMF power frequency factors, primarily from exposure at work or in the home, not specifically powerlines, may involve all of the above, especially additional long-term spikes and transients which may occur in the electrical system, plumbing and appliances of the bedroom sleeping area or in all-day limited-movement working areas.

The applications and research mentioned above are considered the body-penetrating effects of magnetic field pulsing components, principally conducted in other countries.

In this country the electric field is not considered a health factor, because it does not penetrate the body.   However, the whole-body acupuncture system, in all living things, is associated with healing.  It is more primitive (analog) than the nerve system (digital) [55], and has discrete electrical components that change slowly with time.  It appears to be affected by mind, body and environmental changes, and thus may respond to electric field changes (natural and artificial).  Perhaps the acupuncture total body surface system acts as a sort of ‘transceiver’, transmitting and receiving subliminal information on many different levels about EMF variations (external and internal).  These ‘information’ variations may, through liquid crystal detection/amplification, stimulate (or indicate) body, mind and healing reactions, to maintain body health balance ( homeostasis).

Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity Syndrome (EHS) [70]

The role of mast cells in immunological reactions in animals [10, 22] and humans is known, but the mechanisms are not readily apparent.  However, one of the most frequent experimental EMF results is involved with immunological responses.  Histamine-related diseases such as arthritis, allergies, asthma, smooth muscle spasms, emboli, angina pectoris or edema are the most frequent diseases which are supposedly influenced by electric and magnetic field shielding [62] in those persons with EHS.

It appears that long-term EMF exposure may act as a promoter, an immune system irritant (in addition to any chemical sensitivities present), thus overloading the body’s defense mechanisms.  Environmentally ill (EI) persons with compromised immune systems often find that EMF transients are one more irritating factor to avoid.  The manifesting symptoms may then vary over a wide range, depending upon individual immune system factors, health history,

home/work stress situations, and environment — not just cancer or Alzheimer’s increases, but increases in a host of dis-eases often considered ‘minor’, e.g., allergies, headaches, fatigue, insomnia, etc.

If the above are valid, and an EHS subject profile is not clearly determined for specific group evaluations, then epidemeological studies may be diluted by the general population and confidence ratios will remain low [63].  It appears the general population is not yet seriously affected enough in a specific medical area, to make a case for widespread serious concern in the medical community (yet), because we do not know how many manifesting minor symptoms may be caused by long-term exposure (which may be precursors for major symptoms in years to come!).

News about symptoms, supposedly caused by EMF long-term exposures, have caused popular concern, controversy, confusion, and much initial condemnation without investigation.  The public concern about environmental pollution effects has stimulated government, industry, and legal actions to investigate the biological effects of power frequency EMFs.

Research programs are finally beginning to investigate these anomalous raw signals (transient spikes & surges).  We are becoming more aware in recent months of the sensitivity of various life forms to EMF via their sensory system reactions [47], immune system effects [49, 51-53, 64], allergy reactions [25, 54], behaviors, etc.  Night time EMF effects have been discovered which reduce brain pineal melatonin hormone production, which in turn affects immune system efficiency, especially in ill and/or older people [51, 52].

Potential Initiating/Promoting Factors: [54]  Individuals with multiple sensitivities, including EMFs, have reported reactions to various types of electrical equipment, including powerlines, transformers, electronic office equipment (such as typewriters and computer terminals), video display terminals (VDT’s), household appliances (such as hair dryers), telephones, battery-powered analog watches, digital clocks, other digital electronic devices, and fluorescent lights.

Most common symptoms are skin symptoms [57] manifest as irregular reddening, pinkness or redness, rashes, blushing, prickly sensations, aches, tightness, itching and sensitivity to light.

Nervous and Behavior symptoms [23, 24, 65-68] include dizziness, prickly sensations (like sunburn), flu-like feelings, fatigue, weakness, headaches, breathing problems, perspiration, depression, irritability, heart palpitations, difficulties in concentration and forgetfulness, brain seizure induction.  Porphyria appears to have a connection (ties in to chemical intolerance, which often accompanies EHS).

Most of those who are hypersensitive experience the problems in connection with work at computer terminals (sometimes laptops), but other sources can also be named: fluorescent lights or electrical wiring and machinery.  Many sensitive people, with continued exposure,  develop extremely serious problems and have to take extended sick leaves.  In Sweden about 120 cases of occupational illness due to computer terminal work are reported annually: 30 to 40 of these cases concern hypersensitivity to electrical fields.

Determining Extent and Nature of EHS:  [54] (also, see pages 39, 48, 97)

An individual’s life record and medical history of chemical, electrical, and environmental aspects must be obtained for perspective and determination of applicable therapies.

In general, changes in environment (prudent avoidance of electrical and electromagnetic fields), toxin exposure reduction, a balanced diet, daily exercise, and reduction in personal stress factors are the most likely actions one can take to strengthen one’s immune system.

Author’s Personal Experience With Strong Long-Term EMF Effects:  From 1982-86, at Martin Marietta Manned Space Systems in New Orleans, I jointly developed an electrostatic cooling process (and patent) to improve aluminum welds on the Space Shuttle External Fuel Tank.  In the 1986 final statistical test panel work on the welding process, it was necessary for me to be next to the operating system several hours a day for about six months.  A 25V/125A pulsed-arc welding system was used, mixed with the 35,000 volts and 250 microamperes of the cooling corona wind air jet impinging on the cooling weld bead at the weld torch.  Twice during final tests unusual dizziness forced me to briefly leave the area.  Shortly after project completion I started having acute attacks of hives (urticaria) any time I ate beef, mutton, or pork (protein intolerance).  Within a few minutes my joints and sinuses would begin to swell, and intensely itching wheals would erupt, spreading all over my body.  The allergist said my case was unusual.  I avoid red meats, because the hypersensitivity remains.  No problems with poultry and sea foods; health remains excellent, otherwise.  So, you can understand, based on personal experience, that I feel that the human EHS is a health issue that requires further exploration for the benefit of the public and the medical profession.

Conclusions:

1. Liquid Crystals may play a part in the life processes of all biosystems, interacting with natural and artificial EMFs in detection, info storage/retrieval, and stimulus/response.  LCs seem to play a part in the near-quantum-energy sensory detection capabilities of biosystems and the electromagnetic hypersensitivity syndrome in humans.  As understanding of LCs and their interactions with complementary mechanisms increases, many medical and psychophysiological benefits may be realized.

2. To determine extent and nature of human sensitivities to EMFs, it will be advantageous to study in more depth, those persons who exhibit the EHS symptoms.

3. Electromagnetic therapies may emerge as the medicine of the future.

Questions:

1. Are LCs basic to the understanding of how biosystems sense light (vision), temperature (hot/cold), mechanical stress (touch), chemicals (smell/taste) and EMFs?  Does biogenic- magnetite play a part here?

2. Biosystem brains and bodies collect and store, during a lifetime, phenomenal amounts of retrievable data and high-speed responses to survival threats.  Are the properties of LCs involved in memory storage and retrieval?

3. Is there any LC connection with the genetic transmission of growth and instinctual survival information?

4. Since the range of EHS symptoms may be broad, and because of possible undiagnosed or misdiagnosed symptoms, how many persons may be marginally affected, in mental institutions, in hospitals, seriously incapacitated at home, or labeled as having “psychotic episodes”?

References:

1. Polymer Liquid Crystals programs and research are cooperative efforts between the Dept. of Physics and the Dept. of Macromolecular Science and Engineering at Case Western University in conjunction with the Center for Advanced Liquid Crystalline Optical Materials (ALCOM) at Kent State University.  For further LC information and the ALCOM Update Newsletter, contact ALCOM, Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242; Ph:216-672-2654; fax 672-2796; e-mail: <Lori@alice.kent.edu>

2. Kosa, T.  “High-Density Optical Storage.”  ALCOM Update, Vol. 5, No. 4, pg 3, Dec 1995.

3. Westerman, P.  “Lyotropic Liquid Crystals in Biology.”  ALCOM Education Newsletter #4, Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State Univ., Kent, OH 44242-0001, 330/672-2654, June 1993.

4. Cole, F. & Graf, E.  “Pre-Cambrian ELF and Abiogenesis”  ELF and VLF Electromagnetic Field Effects, pp 243-274, M. Persinger (Ed.), Plenum Press, New York, 1974.

5. Cole, F. & Graf, E.  “ELF Electromagnetic Radiation as a Biocommunications Medium: A Protein Transreceiver System.”  In Biologic and Clinical Effects of Low-Frequency Magnetic and Electric Fields, J. G. Llaurado, ed., Charles Thomas, Pub., Chapter X, pp 137-146, 1974.

6. Hagan, B. & Reid, B,  “The Mathematical Transformation of Growth and Form — I: Transferring the Wave — Particle Duality From Physics To Biology and Proposing Wave Interaction As A Key Determinant Of Biological Structure.”  Prince of Wales Hospital, Univ. NSW, Randwick 2031 Queen Elizabeth II Res. Inst., Univ. Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia.  In Medical Hypotheses, No. 6, pp 559-609, 1980.

7. Reid, B., et.al.  “Homogeneous Homosapiens.”  Med. J. of Australia, V.1, p.377, May 5, 1979.

8. Schumann, W.  “Uber die strahlungslosen Eigenschwingungen einer leitenden Kugel, die von einer Luftschict un einer Ionospharenhulle embeben ist.”  Z. Naturf., Vol. 7A, pp 149-154, 1952.

9. Pohl, H.  “Dielectrophoresis — Behavior of Matter in Nonuniform Electric Fields.”  Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge MA, 1978.

10. Persinger, M.  “ELF Electric and Magnetic Field Effects: The Patterns and the Problems.”  ELF and VLF Electromagnetic Field Effects, pp 275-310, A. Persinger (Ed.), Plenum Press, NY, 1974.

11. Iwanovsky, A.  “Neuroelectric News Special Issue.”  Subject and Author Index, 1970-77, Vol. 7, No. 2 & 3, US ISSN 0047-942X,  March – July 1978. — Cerebral Electrotherapy (Electrosleep) and Electroanesthesia, pp 88-92, 74 references. — Electroacupuncture, pp 125-126, 32 references.  Order from A. Iwanovsky, 1723 Ivy Oak Square, Reston, VA 22090.

12. Kirschvink, J., et. al.  “Magnetite Biomineralization In the Human Brain.”  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., Vol. 89, pp 7683-7687, Aug 1992.

13. Kirschvink, J., et. al.  “Magnetite-based Magneto-receptors: Ultrastructural, Behavioral, and Biophysical Studies.”  Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Palo Alto, CA, technical report TR-102008, 1993.

14. Kobayashi, A. & Kirschvink, J.  “Ferromagnetism & EMFs.”  Nature, Vol. 374, pg. 123, Mar 9, 1995.

15. Kirschvink, J.  “Can Weak ELF Magnetic Fields Produce Significant Effects on Biogenic Magnetite?”  Project Abstracts, pg. 79,The Annual DOE/EPRI Review On Bioeffects of Electric & Magnetic Fields.  Palm Springs CA, Nov 1995.

16. Baker, R.  “Magnetic Bones In Human Sinuses.”  Nature, Vol. 301, No. 5895, pp 79-80, Jan. 6, 1983.

17. Baker, R.  “Sinal Magnetite & Direction Finding.”  Phys. Technol. (England), Vol. 15, No. 1, pp 30-36, Jan 1984.

18. Phillips, J.  “Two Magnetoreception Pathways In A Migratory Salamander.”  Science, Vol. 233, No. 4765, pp 765-767, Aug. 15, 1986.

19. Blakemore, R. & Frankel, R.  “Magnetic Navigation in Bacteria.”  Scientific American, pp. 58-65, December 1981.

20. Jungreis, S.  “Biomagnetism: An Orientation Mechanism In Migrating Insects.”  Fla. Entomol, Vol. 70, No. 2, pp 277-283, 1987

21. Lerchl, A., et.al.  “Pineal Gland “Magnetosensitivity” to Static Magnetic fields is a Consequence of Induced Electric Currents (Eddy Currents).”  J. Pineal Res., Vol. 10, pp. 109-116, 1991.

22. Byrd, E.  “Implications of Non-Linear Interactions In Biological Systems.”  Archaeus 1, No. 1, pp 1-5, Winter 1983.

23. Jacobson, J., et. al.  “A Possible Physical Mechanism In the Treatment of Neurologic Disorders With Externally Applied Picotesla Magnetic Fields.”  Subtle Energies, Vol. 5, No. 3, pg 239, 1994.

24. “The Magnetic Brain?  EM Field Affects Epileptics”, Brain/Mind Bulletin, Vol.18, No 10, July 1993.

25. Smith, C.  “Electrical Sensitivities in Allergy Patients.”  Clinical Ecology, Vol. IV, No. 3, pp 93-102, 1986.

26. Smith, C.  “Electromagnetic Phenomena In Living Biomedical Systems.”  From the Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Conf IEEE Engineering In Medicine and Biology Society, Sept. 15-17, 1984.

27. Smith, C.  “High-Sensitivity Biosensors and Weak Environment Stimuli.”  Presented at Joint Colloquium of the Dielectric Society Annual Meeting and 3rd Univ. of Wales Conf. on Biotechnology, April 1985.

28. Temuriants, N.  “Biological Effectiveness of a Weak EMF of Infralow Frequency.”  In: The Effect of Solar Activity of the Biosphere.  Moscow.  Izdatel`stvo Nauka, pp 128-139, 1982.

29. Shult’s, N.  “Effect of Solar Activity on the Frequency of Functional Leukopenias and Relative Lymphocytoses.”  Academy of Medical Sciences USSR, Moscow, 1967, NASA Technical Translation TT-F-592, Wash. D.C., Feb 1970.

30. Dubrov, A.  “The Geomagnetic Field and Life.”  Hdqtrs, Dept of the Army, Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence, Wash., D.C. 20310, Translation No. K-5533, April 1975.

31. Maxey, E.  “Critical Aspects of Human vs. Terrestrial Electromagnetic Symbiosis.”  Presented at the United States National Committee, International Union of Radio Science, The 1975 USNC/URSIU-IEEE Meeting, Boulder, CO, Oct 1975.

32. Persinger, M.  “Increased Geomagnetic Activity and Occurrence of Bereavement Hallucinations: Evidence for Melatonin-Mediated Microseizuring in the Temporal Lobe?”  Neursci. Lett. (Ireland), Vol. 88, No. 3, pp 271-274, 1988.

33. Fröhlich, H.  “Long Range Coherence and Energy Storage in Biological Systems.”  Int. J. Quant. Chem., Vol. II., p 641, 1968.

34. Presman, A.  “Electromagnetic Fields And Life.”  Plenum Press, New York, 1970.

35. Brown, F.  “Living Clocks.”  Science, 130:1535, No. 3388, December 4, 1959.

36. Adey, W.  “Biological Effects of Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation.”  In: Interaction of Electro-magnetic Wave With Biological Systems, J. C. Lin (ed.), Plenum Press, New York, 1988.

37. Rauscher, E.  “Electromagnetic Phenomena & Complex Geometries In Nonlinear Phenomena.”  Report PSRL5116B, under contract to the Naval Surface Weapons Laboratory, Silver Spring Maryland, Nondestructive Evaluation Contract R34-2-0176, 132 pgs, Sept 1982.  System supplied by Van Bise, with Dr. Rauscher providing the theoretical model, used mixed frequencies combinations in the range of 1.2 to 32 Hz.

38. Rivera, H., et. al..  “The AC Field Patterns About Living Cells.”  Cell Biophysics, V. 7, pp 43-55, 1985.

39. Maclennan, J. & Clark, N.  “Solitary Waves in Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals.” In: Solitons in Liquid Crystals, J. Frost & L. Lei (Eds), Springer-Verlag, 1988.

40. Rauscher, E. & Van Bise, W.  “External Magnetic Field Impulse Pacemaker Non-Invasive Method and Apparatus for Modulating Brain Through an External Magnetic Field to Pace the Heart and Reduce Pain.” Patent 4,723,536, Feb. 9, 1988.

41. Hameroff, S.  “Coherence in the Cytoskeleton:  Implications for Biological Information Processing.”  In H. Fröhlich (Ed.) Biological Coherence and Response to External Stimuli,  pp 242-256, Springer 1988.

42. Adey, W.  “Physiological Signaling Across Cell Membranes and Cooperative Influence of Extremely Low Frequency EMFs.”  In:  H. Fröhlich (Ed.) Biological Coherence and Response to External Stimuli,  pp 148-170, Springer 1988.

43. Hameroff, S.  “Cytoplasmic Gel States & Ordered Water: Possible Roles in Biological Quan- tum Coherence.”  Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Water Sciences Symp., Dallas, TX, Oct. 1996.

44. Walleczek, J. & Eichwald, C.  “Model Based On Combined Self-Organized Macroscopic & Microscopic Mechanisms for EMF Effects in Biological Systems.”  Project Abstracts, pg. A-24, Annual DOE/EPRI Review on Bioeffects of Electric & Magnetic Fields, Palm Springs CA, Nov 1995.

45. Llaurado, J. & Sances, A., et al.  “Biologic & Clinical Effects of Low-Frequency Magnetic & Electric Fields”  Springfield, IL, Chas. C. Thomas Publishing Co., 1974.

46. Persinger, M., Ludwig, H., et al.  “Psychophysiological Effects of Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields: A Review.”  Perceptual and Motor Skills, Vol. 36, pp. 1131-1159, 1973.

47. Bastian ,J.  “Electrosensory Organisms.”  Physics Today, pp. 30-37, February 1994.

48. Zimmerman, J. & Rogers, V.  “Biomagnetic Fields as External Evidence of Electromagnetic Bio-information.”  In:  Electromagnetic Bio-Information, Fritz Popp, et. al (Eds.), Urban & Schwarzenberg, München-Wien-Baltimore, pp 226-237, 1990.

49. Walleczek, J.  “The Immune System & Extremely Low Frequency EMF.”  Frontier Perspectives, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 7-10, 1992.

50. Wilson, B., et al.  “Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields:  The Question Of Cancer.”  Battelle Press, Columbus OH, 1990.

51. Reiter, R. & Robinson, J.  “Melatonin:  Breakthrough Discoveries That Can Help You.”  Bantam Books, New York, 1995.

52. Pierpaoli, W. & Regelson, W.  “Melatonin Miracle:  Nature’s Age-Reversing, Disease-Fighting, Sex-Enhancing Hormone.”  Simon & Schuster, New York, 1995.

53. Lyubchenko, S.  “Action of Industrial Frequency EF on Indicators of Natural Immunity.”  USSR Rpt.: Life Sci. Effects of Nonionizing EM Radiation, JPRS-83745, No. 10, pp 51-54, 1983

54. Smith, C. & Best S.,  “Electromagnetic Man: Health & Hazard in the Electrical Environment.”  St. Martin’s Press, Inc. New York, NY,  1989.

55. Becker, R.  “Cross Currents.”  J. P. Tarcher, Inc., Los Angeles, 1990. (Also “The Body Electric.” William Morrow & Co. Inc.,  New York, NY, 1985.

56. Walborg, E., Jr.  “Extremely Low Frequency EMF & Cancer.”  National Electrical Manufacturers Assoc., 2101 L Street, N.W., Suite 300, Washington D.C. 20037, 202/457-6400.

57. Johansson, O. & Liu, P.  Experimental Dermatology Unit, Dept. of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm Sweden.  “Electrosensitivity”, “Electro-supersensitivity” and “Screen Dermatitis:  Preliminary Observations From On-Going Studies In The Human Skin.”  Sept. 1994

58. Matteson II, J.  “The Advantages of Using ‘Intelligent’ Cerebral Electric Stimulators in Drug & Alcohol Rehabilitation.”  Professional Nurses Quarterly, pp 24-25, Winter 1986.

59. Patterson, M.  “Neuroelectric Therapy (NET) in Addiction.”  Med. Electr., Vol. 22, No. 6, pg. 78-79, Dec 1991.

60. Rauscher, E. & Bise, W.  “Magnetic Field Flux Induction into the Visual System of Humans.”  Proceedings of the IEEE/9th Annual Conf. of Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society, CH2513-0/87/0000-1589, 1987.

61. Sommer, H. & von Gierke, H.  “Hearing Sensations in Electric Fields.”  Aerospace Medicine, pp 834-839, Sept. 1964.

62. Novak, J.  “Meteorotropic Diseases and their Regression In an Environment Devoid of Electric and Magnetic Fields.”  In: S.W. Tromp and W. H. Weihe (Eds.),.Fifth Biometeorology Congress Proceedings, pg. 129, Amsterdam Netherlands, Springer-Verlag, 1969.

63. Sagan, L. “Electric and Magnetic Fields:  Invisible Risks?”  Chapter 13, p. 153, Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach, 1996.

64. Walleczek, J.  “EMF Effects on Cells of the Immune System:  The Role of Calcium Signaling.”  The FASEB Journal, Vol. 6, pp. 3177-3185, Oct. 1992.

65 “One of Seven Sensitive to Electrical Fields.”  Forskning & Praktik (Eng. Ed.), published by National Institute of Occupational Health, 171 84 Solna, Sweden, April 1992.

66. Grant, L.  “A Neurological Profile.”  Electrical Sensitivity News, Weldon Publishing, POB 4146, Prescott, AZ 86302, Vol. 1, No. 4, July/Aug 1996.

67. Persinger, M., & Lafreniere, G.  “Large Scale Solar-Geophysical Electromagnetic Phenomena as Contributory Factors to Unusual Events.”  In Space-Time Transients & Unusual Events, Chapter 15, p.207.  Nelson-Hall Inc, Chicago IL, 1977.

68. Reed, N.  “EMF In Sweden: Utilities & Citizens.”  EMF Health & Safety Digest, pp. 8-13, July/Aug 1993.

69. Pribram, K., et.al.  “The Holographic Hypothesis of Memory Structure in Brain Function and Perception.”  In Contemporary Developments in Mathematical Psychology II, D. H. Krantz, et.al. (Eds.), p. 416, Freeman Press, NY, 1974.

70. The Electrical Sensitivity News, Weldon Publishing, POB  4146, Prescott AZ 86302.  $20.00/yr.  An excellent newsletter about electromagnetic hypersensitivity syndrome (EHS).

~~~~~~~

If something happens that is not consistent with our present knowledge, it is necessary for us to expand our awareness of the variable space of nature and provide a modeling concept that included both all that we know plus this new fact.  That is what we must start projecting to the people who say:  ‘Look, I don’t understand it; therefore it doesn’t happen.’  We have to get them to start thinking along the lines of, ‘Nature is so much more than I thought, let’s expand our thinking and include this.’  Then they can feel comfortable because they don’t have to throw away what they already know, because what they already know isn’t wrong.  It merely means that it’s not complete.

Dr. Bill Tiller

http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:ICx913atKKwJ:www.buergerwelle.de/pdf/grn/Human.rtf+Human+Sensitivity+to+Electrical+and+Electromagnetic+Fields+%2B+James+Beal&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us